Manley O. Hudson

Progress in international organization

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America's Rôle in the League of Nations

Whatever may be the present attitude of the people of the United States toward the League of Nations, it now seems clear that the Government of the United States has come to feel the necessity for such an international organization. For several years past, official American cooperation with the League has steadily increased. The situation has now developed to a point where the current formulae for explaining the official attitude are to some extent misleading, and it may serve a useful purpose to trace the changes which have occurred since 1920, to survey the situation as it now exists, and to forecast some of the probabilities for the future. Let us start with the fact that the United States has not ratified the Covenant of the League of Nations and has not accepted the place provided for her in the Assembly and the Council of the League. It is beside the present purpose to explain that fact, to attempt to say whether it is due to drift or to design, or to offer any argument for changing it. Whatever the seven millions of voters who constituted President Hardings majority in 1920 may have desired at that time, the Government of the United States has since interpreted their votes as a determination that the United States should not accept membership in the League, and it has proceeded on the theory that that issue is closed. But if this fact is to be taken as the starting-point, there still remains a question as to the account to be taken by the Government of the United States of other important facts, viz., that the League of Nations continues to exist, that more than fifty governments are vigorously pushing its work and effecting through it their cooperative action, and that much of the organized international life of our time is centered at Geneva.

Yes and Albert Thomas. By E. J. Phelan. (London: Cresset Press, 1936. pp. xvi, 271.)

That human relations are the first concern also of supervisors themselves is evidenced in one of the studies. Among many questions put to foremen in a questionnaire to discover what was on their minds, they were asked how much attention should be given in a foreman-training program to each of a series of twelve specified subjects. In the replies human relations headed the list, although it had appeared at the end of the list in the questionnaire. Next came leadership training. Thoughtful readers will find this book rewarding.

The Seventh Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice

Several important events have marked the seventh year in the history of the Permanent Court of International Justice. The court was in session at The Hague from February 6, 1928, to April 26, 1928 (thirteenth session); from June 15, 1928, to September 13, 1928 (fourteenth session); and from November 12, 1928, to November 21, 1928 (fifteenth session). It handed down two advisory opinions (Nos. 15 and 16) and two judgments (Nos. 12 and 13), and several important orders. It lost the services of two eminent judges through the resignation of Judge John Bassett Moore and the death of Judge Andre Weiss. A settlement was reached with the Netherlands Government of the long-standing question as to the privileges and immunities of the judges and registry officials; and, what is perhaps more important for the court’s future, the signatories of the court’s protocol of signature began the consideration of changes in the court’s statute in the light of seven years’ experience. The seventh year marks progress in the establishment of the court’s position as the chief agency in the world for the international administration of justice, as it marks also changes which will affect the future of the court.

Fachiri, Alexander P. The Permanent Court of International Justice — Its Constitution, Procedure and Work. Pp. vi, 342. Price,

The aim of the author of this book was &dquo;to write a practical textbook on the Court and its work,&dquo; and it has been amply realized. The book is a faithful exposition of the history, structure and work of the Court as they are covered by the official documents, and as such it should prove extremely useful to students to whom the documents themselves are not available or whose time for investigation is limited. But it is not more. It does not put the Court in any setting; it does not assist in solving any of the Court’s major problems; and it does not clarify many of the questions which are under discussion in America. One chapter only is a departure from the four corners of the documents Chapter VI on &dquo;The Court and the League&dquo; and it contains a valuable discussion of the sanctions applicable to the Court’s decisions. If the whole volume had been prepared with the same freedom, and if the author had taken more account of the growing literature on the Court, the work would have been more generally useful. As it is, it is hardly more than a valuable guide through the documents. MANLEY O. HUDSON.

5.00. New York: American Branch, Oxford University Press, 1925

possible, although the Court has only a limited jurisdiction which for twentysix of the forty-seven signatories cannot be said to be compulsory. It is quite unnecessary to exaggerate the prospects, therefore, in order to maintain that the Court promises to render distinct service within its limited field. (1) In the judgments which it will render in cases submitted to it, its utility is obvious. In the one contested case which has come before it, to date-the Kiel Canal dispute between Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and Poland on the one hand and Germany on the other hand-the decision of the Court put at rest a controversy which the Foreign Offices had failed to settle through many months of negotiation. It seems probable that many other cases of a similar nature will arise in the future, and the Courts handling of them is distinctly provided for in many treaties. Twenty-one states have accepted the optional clause of the Protocol conferring compulsory jurisdiction in specified groups of cases, and numerous other treaties like the minorities treaties and the recent conventions promulgated by League of Nations conferences confer additional jurisdiction on the Court.