Manoel Malheiros Tourinho

Ethnoveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island, Pará state, eastern Amazon, Brazil

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The lack of ethnoveterinary surveys in Brazil, especially in the Amazon region, results in losses in the veterinary phytopharmacology field and in scientific documentation of the cultural traditions of plant use in the treatment of animal diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY To catalog, analyze and disseminate the ethnoveterinary knowledge of the inhabitants of Colares Island, Pará state, eastern Amazon, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 72 interviews were conducted, and semi-structured questionnaires were answered by 18 men and 54 women. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV). The plants with a reported medicinal use for domestic animals were harvested, herbalized and botanically identified. RESULTS Fifty-six plants, distributed in 49 genera and 35 families, were indicated to have 23 different medicinal uses, divided into six categories of use. The highest ICF (0.80) was obtained for the antiparasitic class. The Euphorbiaceae family exhibited the highest number of citations, and the species with the highest UVs were Caladium cf. bicolor, Bixa orellana, Carapa guianensis, Jatropha curcas and Cymbopogon citratus. The parts of the 56 plants that were most frequently used to prepare ethnoveterinary medications were the leaves (46%), bark (15%), roots and fruit (10%). The use of the macerated leaves was the most common method of application, used by 43% of the interviewees, and the majority of the preparations (87.3%) used a single plant. In addition to medicinal plants, the interviewees reported the use of products of animal and mineral origin. CONCLUSION The present study contributed to the establishment of an inventory of plants used in ethnoveterinary practices in this region of the Brazilian eastern Amazon. Future phytochemical and pharmacological studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of the identified plants, enabling communities to use them in a more economic, effective and safe manner.

Utilização dos recursos naturais por comunidades humanas do Parque Ecoturístico do Guamá, Belém, Pará

This work shows data about the use of natural resources by the human population located in (n=1) and around (n=6) the Guama Ecotouristic Park (GEP), in order to evaluate the impact on the local fauna and flora in view of the project for constructing a road through the park. The methodology utilized in this community study was the application of two different types of questionnaires. One was directed to key persons such as old residents, presidents of associations, health agents, etc., and the other was randomly applied to local adults. We attempted to approach at least 50% of the families in the small villages ( 11 families). In all cases, there was flora and fauna extractivism, especially for subsistence. The most hunted species were the Agouti paca, Dasyprocta agouti, Nasua nasua, Euphractus sexcintus and Hidrochaeris hidrochaeris. All the communities studied complement their family income by hunting wildlife on order. Fruit trees such as Euterpe oleracea Mart., Musa spp and the Theobroma cacao were found in 100% of the communities (n=7). Medicinal plants are cultivated and used routinely. Timber species such Inga edulis,Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb e Simaruba amara (Aubl.) are used for charcoal production, house building and transportation means. We discuss the results relating to construction of the road, and make recommendations for reducing the impact on the fauna, the flora and the traditional livelihood of the communities.

Estimativa de biomassa de sistemas agroflorestais das várzeas do rio juba, Cametá, Pará

This work presents an estimation of dry biomass (BS) above ground and stock of carbon (EC) agroforestry systems (SAF), studied in the floodplains of the river Juba in Cameta, Para. The BS was estimated by the indirect method from the data of a forest inventory carried out in seven plots of 0.25 ha (50 m x 50 m). They were surveyed an average of 2594 individuals/ha with DBH

Os níveis de desenvolvimento socioeconômico da população da Amazônia brasileira: 1970 e 1980

5 cm. Euterpe oleracea Mart.(acai) and Theobroma cacao L. (cacao), were the most important species and represented 80 % of the individuals (54 % and 26 %, respectively) and the others (trees) 20 %. On average the BS of the SAF was of 298.44 t/ha. Acai presented BS of 4.47 t/ha (43 % in leaves and 57 % in stems), cacao 1.45 t/ha (18 % in leaves and 82 % in wood) and the trees 292.52 t/ha (1 % in leaves and 99 % in wood). The EC contained in the BS average total was 134.30 t/ha; the trees had about 131.63 t/ha (98 %), acai 2.01 t/ha (1.5 %) and cacao 0.65 t/ha (0.5 %). The EC average of SAF studied (average age of 12 years) represented, on average, about of 96 % of carbon that is storaged in a primary forest, about of 62 % more than of storaged in enriched secundary forest (average age of 26 month) and 23 % more than of storaged in forest of floodplains in brasilian Amazonia.

Análise florística e finalidade de espécies cultivadas em sistemas agroflorestais no município de Cametá, Pará, Amazônia Oriental.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the agro-environmental sustainability potential of productive agroforestry units in tidal river floodplains. The methodology employed forest inventory techniques, soil collection and laboratory analysis, questionnaires, field observations and budget sheets. The indicator variables are relative to climate, soils, sociological plant structure, agroforestrys productive potential and the generation of income. Results revealed that climate and soil are not limiting factors. Approximately 27% of the floristic composition is commercial species, making up over 92% of the total tree population having low timber extraction potential and a diversity of non-timber products. Estimated gross income reached sums of R

Comunidades Ribeirinhas Amazônicas

2,000.00/ha/year. The agro-environmental sustainability potential of the productive units is median and was measured by evaluating the indicator variables on a point system and placed within a previously established level of sustainability.

Sistemas sociais comunitários ribeirinhos na Amazônia: dinâmicas socioambientais em questão

Among academics in Brazil, Capes is synonymous with graduate and post-graduate programs. Capes, considered highly effective as an agency of the Ministry of Education, has existed for 62 years and is responsible for the training of graduate and post-graduate students, as well as for holding academic institutions accountable to the training policies set forth by the federal government. Recently, however, Capes has been the target of criticism from Brazilian academics and researchers in the public universities because of the agencys micro-managerial and centralized form of control; the agency has consistently promoted policies and measures that seem to favor the more developed regions of the country while outright ignoring or neglecting others. Through the Master and Doctoral level-programs, many agree that Capes tends to compel academics in the aforementioned developed regions to claim success of the agencys programs even when at the cost of alienating many other universities who do not agree with the training polices and are not invited to be a part of the policy creation process. This article uses the theoretical Marxist framework to explain how this alienation has been implemented by Capes with the consent of the universities in Brazil. Lastly, this article exposes, discusses and offers legal solutions found within Brazils Constitution on how to break free from the established norms that have created this environment and reality of alienation of academics and universities in less developed regions of the country.