Manson Benedict

An Empirical Equation for Thermodynamic Properties of Light Hydrocarbons and Their Mixtures I. Methane, Ethane, Propane and n‐Butane

An empirical equation is given for the isothermal variation with density of the work content of pure hydrocarbons in the gaseous or liquid state. From this fundamental equation are derived (a) an equation of state, (b) an equation for the fugacity, and (c) an equation for the isothermal variation of the enthalpy. These equations summarize P‐V‐T properties of the gaseous or liquid phase, critical properties, vapor pressures, and latent heats of evaporation. A procedure is suggested for determining numerical values of the parameters in the equation. Such values are given for methane, ethane, propane, and n‐butane. A comparison is made between observed properties of these hydrocarbons and those predicted by the equations.

The Mechanism of Extraction by Tributyl Phosphate— n -Hexane Solvents: Part I. Water Extraction

The mechanism of water extraction into tributyl phosphate—n-hexane solvents has been investigated in a stirred-vessel transfer cell. The effects of stirrer speed, temperature, and the comparison of...

The Mechanism of Extraction by Tributyl Phosphate- n -Hexane Solvents: Part II. Nitric Acid Extraction

The kinetics of extraction of nitric acid by tributyl phosphate-n-hexane solvents has been investigated in a stirred vessel transfer cell. Elucidation of a possible slow step in the extraction proc...

Experimental Study of the Absolute Temperature Scale. XI. Deviation of the International Practical from the Kelvin Temperature Scale in the Range 0° to 444.6°C

The deviations of the International Practical Temperature Scale from the thermodynamic Celsius scale were determined at eleven temperatures in the range 0° to 444.6°C by a comparison of the indications of four platinum resistance thermometers with those of two constant‐volume nitrogen‐gas thermometers in a stirred‐liquid thermostat. In each gas thermometer several different ice‐point pressures were used to permit corrections to be made for the imperfection of the thermometric fluid. The arithmetic means of the observed differences between temperatures on the thermodynamic Celsius scale as it was defined in 1954 and those on the IPTS at the eleven temperatures, each weighted in accordance with the number of observations, are represented by the equation t(therm.)−t(Int.)=[−0.0060+(0.01t−1)(0.04106–7.363×10−5t)](0.01t), where t in the right‐hand member is on the IPTS. The standard deviation of a determination of Δt of unit weight from the equation is 18×10−4 deg.

A method of short range system analysis for nuclear utilities

Abstract An optimization procedure has been formulated and tested that is capable of solving for the optimal generation schedule of several nuclear power reactors in an electric power utility system, under short-range, resource-limited, conditions. The optimization procedure utilizes a new concept called the Opportunity Cost of Nuclear Power (OCNP) to optimally assign the resource-limited nuclear energy to the different weeks and hours in the short-range planning horizon. OCNP is defined as the cost of displaced energy when optimally distributed nuclear energy is marginally increased. Under resource-limited conditions, the short-range “value” of nuclear power to a utility system is not its actual generation cost, but the cost of the next best alternative supply of energy, the OCNP. OCNP is a function of a weeks system reserve capacity, the systems economic loading order, the customer demand function, and the nature of the available utility system generating units. The optimized OCNP value of the short-range planning period represents the utilitys short-range energy replacement cost incurred when selling nuclear energy to a neighbouring utility.

Electric generating prospects for nuclear power

Most of the nuclear power plants in the U.S. today are of the light-water variety. In many parts of the U.S. these plants are competitive with plants burning coal, but the electricity that they generate will be more costly in the future as uranium supplies deplete. A promising possible answer to the cost problem is the fast-neutron reactor, which produces more fuel than it consumes. Such a plant should also be a more efficient generator of electricity and this should produce less thermal pollution than a water-reactor plant. However, it takes time to breed the fuel to make these fast reactors possible, and until more is known about the performance of such reactors, final judgment about their economic feasibility must continue to be held in abeyance.

The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: An Overview

My purpose today is to give a brief overview of the technology of the nuclear fuel cycle. I shall describe briefly the processes which are now being used and shall venture some opinions about future trends.