Manuel San Román

LA EXPLOTACIÓN DE RECURSOS FAUNÍSTICOS EN EL SITIO PUNTA SANTA ANA 1: ESTRATEGIAS DE SUBSISTENCIA DE GRUPOS DE CAZADORES MARINOS TEMPRANOS DE PATAGONIA MERIDIONAL

From the archaeozoological analysis of Punta Santa Ana 1 site and its integration with previously published results from other early marine hunter records of Patagonia, animal resource modalities and subsistence strategies are described and discussed for groups assigned to the Englefi eld cultural tradition that developed in Southern Patagonia between the V and III millennium before Christ.

The southernmost bear: Pararctotherium (Carnivora, Ursidae, Tremarctinae) in the latest Pleistocene of southern Patagonia, Chile

FRANCISCO J. PREVOSTI1, LEOPOLDO H. SOIBELZON2, ALFREDO PRIETO3, MANUEL SAN ROMAN4, and FLAVIA MORELLO3, 1Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (U.N.L.P.), cc 223, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, protocyon@hotmail.com; 2CONICET, Departamento Cientı́fico Paleontologı́a de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 3Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral, Instituto de la Patagonia, UMAG Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile; 4Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario de Fuego-Patagonia y Antártica Chilena, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile

Antiquity and geographic distribution of cranial modification among the prehistoric groups of Fuego-Patagonia, Chile.

OBJECTIVES Nineteenth and twentieth century documents testify that four ethnic groups, generally classified as terrestrial hunters or canoe nomads, inhabited Fuego-Patagonia. Archaeologically, however, their presence and temporal depth remains unknown. This study analyzes the antiquity and geographic distribution of cranial modification, a highly visible symbol of social identity, in Fuego-Patagonia, Chile, to assess whether it expressed ethnic affiliation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 adult skulls from Southern Patagonia (n = 32; 53.3%) and Tierra del Fuego (n = 28; 46.7%) were examined for age-at-death, sex and cranial modification with standard methods. Individuals were further categorized as terrestrial (n = 26; 43.3%), marine (n = 21; 35%) or indetermined hunter-gatherers (n = 13; 21.7%) based on the archaeological sites characteristics, geographic location, and isotopic information. RESULTS Thirty percent (n = 18) of the skulls in this study were modified, and most of the modified skulls (n = 15) presented a tabular-erect shape. No statistically significant differences were identified between Fuegians and Patagonians, males or females, or between the different types of adaptation and geographic locations. DISCUSSION Thus, this Late Holocene, widely distributed practice, was not a reflection of ethnicity, but a material expression of information circulation and the complex social relations that these small-size groups had with one another. These results suggest that the emergence of modern ethnic identities in the region is a historic process that resulted from the interaction of local groups with European and Criollos.

NUEVOS HALLAZGOS DE SITIOS DE CAZADORES RECOLECTORES MARINOS TEMPRANOS EN ISLA ENGLEFIELD, MAR DE OTWAY

RESUMEN Se presenta informacion preliminar sobre el hallazgo de dos sitios de cazadores-recolectores marinos en isla Englefi eld, para los que se han obtenido dataciones radiocarbonicas que los ubican entre el sexto y quinto milenio AP. Las caracteristicas de la industria osea recuperada en uno de los yacimientos permiten identifi carlo como per-teneciente a la tradicion cultural Englefi eld (Emperaire y Laming 1961; Legoupil 1997).PALABRAS CLAVES: Cazadores-Recolectores marinos, Patagonia meridional, Cultura Englefi eld, Holoceno medio. ABSTRACTNEW FINDINGS OF EARLY MARITIME HUNTER-GATHERER SITES IN ENGLEFIELD ISLAND, OTWAY SEA Preliminary information about the fi nding of two maritime hunter-gatherer sites in Englefi eld Island is pre-sented. Radiocarbon dates that locate them between the sixth and fi fth millennium BP have been obtained. The characteristics of the bone industry recovered at one of these sites allow identifying it as part of the Englefi eld cultural tradition (Emperaire y Laming 1961; Legoupil 1997).KEY WORDS: maritime hunter-gatherers, southern Patagonia, Englefi eld culture, middle Holocene.

Arqueología de la Punta Santa Ana: recontrucción de secuencias de ocupación de cazadores-recolectores marinos del Estrecho de Magallanes, Patagonia Austral, Chile

We present results of research focused on the identification of sites and the analysis of their archaeo - logical evidence in order to reconstruct occupation sequences of marine hunter-gatherer groups at specific localities of Southernmost Patagonia. In this paper we address the characterization of three archaeological sites at Punta Santa Ana area, Strait of Magellan. The studied assemblages are from camp-sites located at

Estrategias de subsistencia de cazadores recolectores de Isla Dawson (Estrecho de Magallames) durante la segunda mitad del Holoceno: primeras aproximaciones

The development of an archaeological survey on the coast of Dawson and Wickham island, located in a strategic position between different path roads that connect the central portion of the Magellan strait with the fueguian archipelago, allowed detecting 27 sites that correspond to former marine hunter-gatherer camps of the inhabitants of the zone. The accomplishment of excavations in six of these sites allowed recovering an interesting set of archaeological fauna remains. From the analysis of these assemblages, we describe the main observed characteristics and offer a first panorama referred to the subsistence of the groups that lived in this zone of the fueguian archipelago.

Investigating cranial morphological variation of early human skeletal remains from Chile: A 3D geometric morphometric approach.

OBJECTIVES Archaeological and genetic research has demonstrated that the Pacific Coast was a key route in the early colonization of South America. Research examining South American skeletons >8000 cal BP has revealed differences in cranial morphology between early and late Holocene populations, which may reflect distinct migration events and/or populations. However, genetic, cultural, and some skeletal data contradict this model. Given these discrepancies, this study examines ∼9000 years of prehistory to test the hypothesis that Early skeletons have a distinct cranial morphology from later skeletons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using 3D digital models, craniofacial landmarks, and geometric morphometric analyses, we compared Early Holocene crania (n = 4) to later Chilean samples (n = 90) frequently absent in continental assessments of craniofacial variation. PCA, Mahalanobis distances, posterior and typicality probabilities were used to examine variation. RESULTS Two of the earliest skeletons from northern Chile show clear affinities to individuals from later sites in the same region. However, the hypothesis cannot be rejected as one Early individual from northern Chile and one individual from inland Patagonia did not always show clear affinities to coastal populations. DISCUSSION Biological affinities among northern populations and other regions of Chile align with genetic and archaeological data, supporting cultural and biological continuity along the Pacific Coast. In Patagonia, archaeological data are in accordance with skeletal differences between the Early inland steppe individual and coastal populations. This study incorporates 3D methods and skeletal datasets not widely used in assessments of biological affinity, thus contributing to a critical body of research examining the ancient population history of western South America.

Genomic insights into the origin and diversification of late maritime hunter-gatherers from the Chilean Patagonia

Significance Recent genomic studies of ancient and modern humans from the Americas have given a comprehensive view of the peopling of the continent. However, regional characterization of ancient and modern individuals is lacking, being key to unveiling fine-scale differences within the continent. We present genome-wide analyses of ancient and modern individuals from South America from Western Patagonia. We found a strong affinity between modern and ancient individuals from the region, providing evidence of continuity in the region for the last ∼1,000 years and regional genetic structure within Southern South America. In particular, the analysis of these ancient genomes helps address questions related to the maritime tradition in the region and its diversification posterior to the split from terrestrial hunter-gatherers. Patagonia was the last region of the Americas reached by humans who entered the continent from Siberia ∼15,000–20,000 y ago. Despite recent genomic approaches to reconstruct the continental evolutionary history, regional characterization of ancient and modern genomes remains understudied. Exploring the genomic diversity within Patagonia is not just a valuable strategy to gain a better understanding of the history and diversification of human populations in the southernmost tip of the Americas, but it would also improve the representation of Native American diversity in global databases of human variation. Here, we present genome data from four modern populations from Central Southern Chile and Patagonia (n = 61) and four ancient maritime individuals from Patagonia (∼1,000 y old). Both the modern and ancient individuals studied in this work have a greater genetic affinity with other modern Native Americans than to any non-American population, showing within South America a clear structure between major geographical regions. Native Patagonian Kawéskar and Yámana showed the highest genetic affinity with the ancient individuals, indicating genetic continuity in the region during the past 1,000 y before present, together with an important agreement between the ethnic affiliation and historical distribution of both groups. Lastly, the ancient maritime individuals were genetically equidistant to a ∼200-y-old terrestrial hunter-gatherer from Tierra del Fuego, which supports a model with an initial separation of a common ancestral group to both maritime populations from a terrestrial population, with a later diversification of the maritime groups.

Assessment of an east-west phenotypic variation in body height, body form and body mass among prehistoric hunter-gatherers of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, chile

espanolResumen: Historicamente grupos marinos y terrestres de Fuego-Patagonia fueron descritos como fenotipicamente distintos. Este estudio examina la presencia de esta variacion fenotipica, la cual de existir, podria ser resultado de factores extrinsecos, como son los procesos adaptativos de corto o largo plazo e intrinsecos como son los factores geneticos. La muestra se compone de 51 individuos adultos. Se incluyeron seis mediciones post-craneales: longitud maxima del humero (MHL); longitud maxima del radio (MRL); longitud bicondilar del femur (BFL); longitud maxima de la tibia (MTL); ancho bi-iliaco (BIB), y; diametro antero-posterior de la cabeza femoral (FHD). Tambien se calcularon el indice braquial, el crural, la masa corporal, el indice de masa y la estatura. En general, los individuos terrestres tenian huesos de la extremidad inferior mas largos y eran por ende mas altos y pesados. Los individuos marinos tenian los huesos mas cortos y eran mas bajos y livianos. Los individuos de economia mixta mostraron valores intermedios. Esto sugiere la presencia de una gradiente fenotipica de este a oeste, que es mas marcada en individuos masculinos, y que puede haber resultado de diferencias extrinsecas y/o intrinsecas. Sin embargo, dado el tamano pequeno de la muestra, estos resultados deben ser considerados con cautela. EnglishAbstract: Fuego-Patagonia’s marine and terrestrial groups were historically described as phenotypically distinct but, studies of these phenotypic differences have yet to be conducted. This study evaluates phenotypic variation in Fuego-Patagonia. Phenotypic disparities result from extrinsic and intrinsic factors and therefore can reveal differences in both long and short term adaptations as well as genetic differences. Fifty-one adults were assessed. A total of six post-cranial measurements were included: maximum length of the humerus (MHL); maximum length of the radius (MRL); Bicondylar length of the femur (BFL); Maximum length of the tibia (MTL); bi-iliac breadth (BIB), and; antero-posterior diameter of the femoral head (FHD). Brachial index, crural index, body mass, body mass index and stature were then calculated. In general, terrestrial individuals had longer lower limb bones and were the tallest and heaviest. Marine individuals had the shortest bones and were shorter and lighter. Mixed-economy individuals showed mostly intermediate values. The trends are more marked in males than in females. The results suggests the presence of an east-to-west phenotypic gradient in the region that may have resulted from intrinsic and/or extrinsic differences between the groups. But, the sample size of this study is small, and thus the results should be cautiously considered.

Archipiélago de los Chonos: nuevos registros arqueológicos y bioantropológicos en los canales septentrionales. Isla Traiguén, Región de Aisén

We present new records of human occupation in the northern channels of Aisen, specifically the northwest coast of the Traiguen Island, where four archaeological sites were found. The frequency of the findings and a significant volume of deposits suggest the importance of this area for indigenous human settlement. The sites are fish corrals and camping sites characterized by large accumulations of shell middens, emphasizing the discovery of historical human remains in one of these. The dates obtained for a domestic site with burial remains can sustain the intense use of this locality during the last 1300 years.