Manuel Willington

Collusion in the Private Health Insurance Market: Empirical Evidence for Chile

In September 2005, the Chilean Competition Authority filed a complaint against the 5 largest private health insurance providers for violation of antitrust laws. The 5 providers were accused of colluding to reduce the coverage of the plans offered to customers between March 2002 and March 2003. The main fact is that during that period these 5 providers reduced the coverage offered from 100% for hospitalization and 80% for ambulatory care to 90% and 70% respectively. As usual the observation of parallel conduct is not enough to infer collusion and it is required to observe additional factors that allow us to reject the hypothesis of providers behaving competitively. In this paper, we show that some specific characteristics of the health insurance markets generate barriers to entry and switching costs that allow the possibility of a collusive agreement. Then, we adapt an imperfect competition model of product differentiation to derive some testable propositions that allow us to distinguish between competition and collusion outcomes in the health insurance market in Chile. Finally, we show econometric evidence consistent with a collusive agreement among the 5 largest providers and inconsistent with a competitive equilibrium. . In particular, by comparing the prosecuted and non-prosecuted open Isapres before and during the collusive period, we show that sales efforts of the accused Isapres were reduced during the transition period toward lower-quality plans, that the profitability of the two groups of Isapres increased, and that the rate of transfers within the group of accused Isapres fell during the transition period.

Predation and Network Based Price Discrimination in Chile

This paper uses a model of strategic interaction among firms – that set discriminatory and nonlinear prices – together with public information on prices of the plans marketed by the three major mobile phone companies, to assess the extent to which on-net and off-net price differentials in the plans they offer could represent predatory practices in the mobile telephony market in Chile. The results show that these companies offered plans that could present evidence of predatory practices. Despite the fact that these plans were a small fraction of all the plans mobile phone firms offered they were recently banned by the antitrust authority as they represented a relevant fraction of all traffic.

Price Effects and Switching Costs of Airlines Frequent Flyer Program

Frequent flier programs create a switching cost for the consumer and allow firms to exercise market power. In Chile there is a dominant airline in domestic markets that has a frequent flyer program with a large number of affiliates and it faces some competition from two small carriers that do have a frequent flyer program. Using a unique dataset for Chile we estimate the switching cost of each airline and the impact of the dominant airline frequent flyer program on prices. The results show a fare premium of around 18% due to the frequent flyer program.