Marc A. Rosen

3.16 Thermal Energy Production

This contribution outlines and discusses the importance of thermal energy and its applications. Various forms of thermal energy are presented and discussed from energy, economic and environmental points of view. In order to provide a good understanding of the technical presentations of the options for thermal energy, illustrative examples are provided. Furthermore, various case studies on various systems (single to multigeneration) through tidal and getothermal are presented to highlight the importance of the subject and illustrate how the system performance is affected by changing state properties and operating conditions. In addition, the use of wind energy for thermal energy production is also described.

3.8 Ocean (Marine) Energy Production

This contribution outlines and discusses the importance of ocean (marine) energy and its applications for energy production. Various forms of ocean energy are presented and discussed from energy, economic, and environmental points of view. In order to provide a good understanding of the technical presentations of the options for ocean energy, illustrative examples are provided. Furthermore, a set of different case studies are included on analyses of the utilization of ocean thermal energy conversion (a type of ocean energy) for multigeneration incorporating other renewable energy sources (solar and geothermal). In addition, salinity gradient energy (a new type of ocean energy) is also described.

3.11 Chemical Energy Production

This chapter explains in detail the process of assessing the performance of various chemical energy production systems using energy and exergy analyses, starting from a basic mixing chamber and extending to a multigeneration system. Detailed steps for analyzing multigeneration systems are provided to provide a clear and detailed procedure for analyzing chemical energy production systems. Case studies are provided to better illustrate some of these chemical energy generation systems and, more importantly, to provide and apply a procedure for analyzing and assessing the performance of such systems.

3.10 Electrochemical Energy Production

This chapter deals with electrochemical energy production from an engineering thermodynamics point of view by utilizing the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. The chapter starts with the basics of electrochemistry, including Nernst’s law and Faraday’s law. Then the chapter goes into the details of electrochemical energy production by focusing on common electrochemical energy producing devices, including fuel cells, electrolyzers, capacitors, and batteries. Each of the main categories of electrochemical devices is characterized and explained in depth and a thermodynamic model is developed to analyze and assess the performance of electrochemical energy production devices.

1.9 Exergoenvironmental Analysis

The environmental effects of energy producing and consuming processes and devices are of importance to the health and living standards of people. With continuous progress in improving living standards, more energy is generally required. If produced from nonrenewable sources like fossil fuels, this leads to increasing harm to the environment. Two most common measures of performance of energy systems are energy and exergy efficiencies. Exergy efficiency provides a measure that is relative to the ideal efficiency. With exergy analysis, a better understanding of thermodynamic losses can be achieved. In this chapter, exergoenvironmental analysis, a method for analyzing energy systems and their components from a combined point of view that considers both exergy and the environment, is described and discussed. The chapter starts by describing the theory behind exergy-based environmental impact assessment of energy systems, which considers the exergy analysis, the relevant time scale and environmental parameters. This is followed by examples describing exergoenvironmental analyses of components, cycles and systems and finally with an integrated system.

5.5 Exergy Management

In this chapter, we consider exergy management through four main aspects including the confluence of energy, environment, and sustainable development; application of exergy concepts and methods to industrial operations and problems; the integration of exergy analysis with industrial ecology; and finally exergy in policy development and education. The first part of the chapter focuses on exergy as the confluence of energy, environment, and sustainable development. The basis for this treatment is the interdisciplinary character of exergy and its relation to these disciplines. The relations between them also suggest that exergy is related to sustainable development. So, this chapter also presents a unified exergy-based structure that provides useful insights and direction to those involved in sustainable development. Following the discussion of exergy as the confluence of energy, environment, and sustainable development the application is described of exergy concepts and methods to industrial operations and their analysis, design, improvement, and optimization. Exergy methods are increasingly accepted by industry. For electrical generation, for instance, exergy methods can be used to design better stations, improve efficiency, and avoid performance deterioration, while for cogeneration exergy methods can help improve efficiency and resolve economic costing and pricing issues. The third part of the chapter concentrates on the integration of exergy analysis with industrial ecology, and its application. Industrial ecology is an approach to designing industrial systems that contributes to sustainable development by balancing industrial activity and environmental stewardship and thereby can. As exergy analysis pinpoints exergy losses, it can help make industrial technologies more ecologically benign and efficient when integrated with industrial ecology. Illustrations are discussed for combined cycle power generation, hydrogen production, and crude oil distillation. Finally, the chapter describes the role of exergy in policy development and education. Education and awareness of exergy are examined, focusing on the public and the media, as well as thermodynamicists and other technical experts. Also, it is demonstrated that exergy has a place in policy development, pointing out that the public is often confused when it discusses energy and needs to be better educated about exergy if energy issues are to be addressed appropriately, and that a basic level of “exergy literacy” is needed among engineers, scientists, and decision makers.

Industrial Heating and Cooling Systems

This chapter introduces industrial heating and cooling systems and categorizes them for specific applications. It also studies industrial heating and cooling systems through energy and exergy analyses. It aims to demonstrate how exergy analysis depicts the actual performance of a process clearly and meaningfully. There are parametric studies conducted on heat pump systems and their exergetic performance assessments. Furthermore, a case study is presented on an industrial textile heating process.

Exergy and its Ties to the Environment, Economics, and Sustainability

This chapter introduces exergy and its dimensions and discusses its connection to environment, economy, and sustainable development, especially for heating, refrigerating, and air conditioning: methods and applications. It demonstrates true benefits of using exergy for assessing efficiency, environmental impact, and sustainability through various examples about heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning. It also highlights the concepts encompassing exergy that have a crucial role to play in evaluating and increasing the use of sustainable energy and technologies. Furthermore, this chapter illustrates how exergy analysis appears to be a substantially useful tool in design and improvement activities to engineers and scientists, as well as decision and policy makers.

Exergy-Related Methods

This chapter introduces and discusses various exergy-related methods that can be used to better understand and improve heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVACR) processes, systems, and applications. Environmental impacts are also considered, as these should be considered while designing HVACR systems. Environmental impact assessments of several HVACR systems are presented through life cycle assessment tools to have cradle- to grave-type analyses. Emissions allocation methods are discussed based on the outputs, and of these methods, the exergy-based approach is proposed as to be the most consistent and logical one. Various nonrenewable and renewable energy sources available for HVACR systems are described, including heat content, carbon content, and CO 2 emissions for selected fuels. CO 2 emissions are also determined, considering both conventional and renewable energy sources and compared with different options like electricity conversion and direct heating.

Cogeneration, Multigeneration, and Integrated Energy Systems

This chapter introduces and discusses cogeneration, trigeneration, and multigeneration concepts through conceptual illustrations. It also presents various integrated and district energy systems where cogeneration, trigeneration, and multigeneration options are employed. The usefulness of exergy analysis in designing, analyzing, assessing, and improving such systems is emphasized through examples and case studies. Although energy and exergy values in general differ, exergy analysis provides more meaningful efficiencies than energy analysis and pinpoints the locations and causes of inefficiencies more accurately.