Marc Jeroense

HVDC Cable Systems—Highlighting Extruded Technology

HVDC cable systems are growing in number. This is a result of globally defined targets leading to an increase of investments in renewables. The HVDC cable systems enable us to integrate these new energy sources in a manner that reduces losses and stabilizes operations. In this paper, the focus is on extruded HVDC cables. Starting from a general description of the forces that drive us toward more cables, this paper quantifies the push for higher voltages. The extruded cable system on a product level is described followed by design aspects. Particularly, the effect of thermal runaway is highlighted. The accessories, joints, and terminations are described. The advantages of the concept nonlinear field grading are described. This paper ends with some words on realized commercial projects and future trends.

Electrical characterization of extruded DC cable insulation — The challenge of scaling

HVDC cable technology with extruded insulation systems have been growing rapidly in the recent years. Different insulation concepts including crosslinked or thermoplastic polymers with or without particle fillers have been studied intensively. The DC conduction in the insulation systems is one of the most important mechanism in dielectric physics; therefore reliable and representative methods are needed to characterize it. In the development process of HVDC cables from small scale plaque sample experiments to full scale cable testing, high field DC conductivity measurement and space charge measurement with the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method are common. These two methods provide two different views into the conduction physics in the insulation and provide different types of information. But both of these methods have their own drawbacks and limitations which are important to keep in mind when choosing measurement methods in different stages of the development process. Another important aspect is the inherent differences between the different types of test samples. Thin pressed plaque samples are easy to produce and require less complicated testing equipment than experimental cables but there are major differences which should not be ignored. In this paper, the principles, advantages and limitations of DC conductivity and PEA measurements on samples of different scales are described and their relevance to the evaluation process is discussed. Some of the less discussed challenges of these measurement methods on different objects are discussed in more details and recommendations are made for obtaining more useful results.