Marcia Elisa Boscato Gomes

Quantification of porosity evolution from unaltered to propylitic-altered granites: the 14C-PMMA method applied on the hydrothermal system of Lavras do Sul, Brazil

This work is an application of the 14 C-Polymethylmethacrylate method to compare the porosity evolution between unaltered and propylitic-altered granites, using samples from Lavras do Sul region, Brazil. This method, when coupled with optical and electronic petrography has the advantage over other methods to provide the quantification and identification of total and local porosity of rocks. From petrographic observations, different kinds of porous zones were identified and quantified (microfractures, grain boundaries, alteration of minerals, etc). Results show that unaltered granites have 0.5 to 0.6% porosity and propylitic-altered ones have 1.7 to 1.8% porosity, even between samples with different textures. Porosity of altered rocks increases mainly due to higher porosity of neoformed chlorite, calcite, sericite and microfractures. Field observations show that later phyllic alteration halos are wider in equigranular than in porphyritic granites, which could not be explained by different original porosity between those rocks. The observed differences of phyllic halos diffusion were controlled by structural and fluid/rock ratio variations between the equigranular and porphyritic granitic facies during the later hydrothermal stage.

Geochemical modeling of gold precipitation conditions in the Bloco do Butiá Mine, Lavras do Sul/Brazil

A geochemical modeling of gold deposition was performed using the EQ3/EQ6 software package using conditions inferred from geological, petrographic, geochemical and fluid inclusion data from the Bloco do Butiá gold mine, Lavras do Sul, RS. Gold in the mine occurs only in the pyrite structure (invisible gold). The pyrite occurs associated with white mica (phengite) in the zone of phyllic alteration. The process of gold deposition showed to be related to temperature and pH decrease. The pH decrease was fundamental to gold deposition by destabilization of sulfur species [Au(HS)2- , HAu(HS)2(0) and Au(HS)0] dissolved in the aqueous solution, being Au(HS)0 the main gold transporting complex. The addition of KCl is hard to accept as cause of gold precipitation because no Cl- was detected in phengite. However, the geochemical mass balance calculation resulted in the gain of some potassium in the zone of phyllic alteration. The precipitation of pyrite (+/- auriferous) may have been strongly influenced by iron availability resulting from dissolution of ferrous chlorites by the fluids responsible for phengite deposition. The low salinity in quartz grain fluid inclusions from the propylitized wall rock also indicates the little importance of chlorine as gold transporting agent. Sulfur, and not chlorine, compounds must have dominated the gold transporting complexes in the Bloco do Butiá gold area.

Relationship between Degree of Deformation in Quartz and Silica Dissolution for the Development of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete

This paper presents research on the influence of quartz deformation in aggregates for the development of the alkali-silica reaction in concrete and its relationship with silica dissolution. The study also compares these characteristics with the field behavior of such rocks in concrete. The paper proposes parameters to classify the different degrees of deformation of quartz. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of walls even in slightly deformed quartz, which indicate the presence of the internal paths available to react with the alkaline concrete pore solutions and point to the potential development of an alkali-silica reaction. The presence of the deformation bands in the quartz grains leads to the alkali aggregate reaction occurring more rapidly. The visible spectrophotometer test was performed to evaluate the dissolution potential of the different samples of deformed quartz, which confirmed that the reactivity of the quartz increases as the deformation of the crystalline structure increases. The parameters established in the present study could be verified by analyzing the behavior of reactive and innocuous aggregates from the buildings.

Caracterização dos argilominerais usados em matéria-prima cerâmica, da formação Rio do Rasto, Bacia do Paraná, no município de Turvo, SC

In the southeastern part of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, many mines of clays used as raw material for the ceramic industry are found. A detail study of this material was developed in a mine in activity. The exploitation of clays is held in sedimentary rocks of Rio do Rasto Formation (Upper Permian) in the Parana Basin. The outcrops are in hills testimonies. Fourteen samples were collected and represent the levels of this mine which consisted of argillites with intercalation of slim siltite layer. These samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction using the powder method and in the fraction < 4 µm. The chemical composition was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Petrographic observations in thin section were also performed. Scanning electron microscope images was obtained in samples fragments by secondary electron method. Electron microprobe microanalysis was performed in one thin section. The results showed large vertical variation in the mineralogy and it has been identified three different levels. Up to 2.00 m there is a predominance of smectite. Between 5.50 m 2.00 m the smectite is the main clay mineral, but with significant amounts of illite/mica and above 5.50 m occurs large increase in K-feldspar and detrital mica. Studies in detail by X-ray diffraction (determination of the b-parameter) and microanalysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy have identified montmorillonite clay mineral as the smectite mineral specie.

Influence of the Quartz Deformation Structures for the Occurrence of the Alkali–Silica Reaction

Defects in the crystalline structure of quartz facilitate the connection with the alkali hydroxides, since under a high alkalinity condition (e.g., in concrete), the Si-O bonds of quartz are easily broken. This study set out to investigate the influence of the deformation structures of quartz on its susceptibility to the alkali–silica reaction. A granite, a protomylonite, and a mylonite were selected for this study. Using optical microscopy, the quartz grains contained in these rocks were quantified and their texture characterized. The quartz samples extracted from the rocks were analyzed by magnetic nuclear resonance, to evaluate their potential for dissolving silica as well as changes in their atomic scale before and after the reaction with alkali hydroxides. These analyses were compared with the results of the accelerated mortar bar test. The study showed that the quartz with intense undulatory extinction and deformation bands denotes the most favorable condition to the development of the alkali–silica reaction. However, on an atomic scale, the slightly deformed grains were highly prone to react. Thus, in a high alkalinity condition, over a long period of time, any quartz tends to develop the alkali–silica reaction, regardless of the deformation degree of the grain.

Southern Plateau and Itaimbezinho Canyon

The Itaimbezinho canyon is located in the Southern Plateau, between the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil. This area, popularly known as Aparados da Serra (Mountain Range Trims), is mainly characterized by extensive vertical escarpments . The landforms in the northeastern portion of the Southern Plateau were carved from volcanic rocks of basaltic and acidic compositions that belong to the Mesozoic Serra Geral Magmatism. The effusive rocks show the existence of vertical and horizontal joints which provide preferential drainage paths, both at the plateau and within the scarp. Continuous erosion of the plateau edge has produced steep and deeply dissected relief, with scenic canyons that gradually widen to alluvial surfaces and the coastal plain . Therefore, the formation of the present relief is associated with tectonic uplift of the Southern Plateau coupled with continuous fluvial erosion.