Márcia Liane Buzzo

Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Adult Population in Southern Brazil

In Brazil there is no systematic evaluation to access blood lead levels (BLL) in the general population and few studies with adults have been published. The aim of this study was to examine the socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle determinants of BLL in the adult Brazilian population. In total, 959 adults, aged 40 years or more, were randomly selected in a city in southern Brazil. Information on socioeconomic, dietary, lifestyle, and occupational background was obtained by interviews. A spatial analysis was conducted to discern whether there were any identifiable sources of exposure. BLL were measured by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. There was an adjustment for gender, age, race, education, income class, smoking status, alcohol consumption, occupation, and red meat or cow milk consumption (Model 1), and for occupation and gender (Model 2). The geometric mean of BLL was 1.97 μg/dl (95% CI: 1.9–2.04 μg/dl). In Model 1, BLL were positively associated with male gender, older age, and drinking and smoking habits, and less frequently with milk consumption. In Model 2, data showed higher BLL in non-white than white participants, in former smokers and individuals with current or former employment in lead (Pb) industries. The participants living in the area with more Pb industries had higher BLL (3.3 μg/dl) compared with those residing in other areas with no or fewer Pb industries (1.95 μg/dl). Despite the low BLL found in adults living in an urban area, Pb industries need to be monitored and regulatory laws implemented to prevent metal contamination in urban settings.

Validação e aplicação de metodologia analítica na determinação de nutrientes inorgânicos em arroz polido

A method of partial digestion of raw milled rice (Oryza sativa) was validated for the determination of inorganic nutrients (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Based on hydrolysis with HCl, the method is simple and relatively fast, presenting satisfactory characteristics of performance. This method was used in the preparation of 40 raw milled rice samples commercialized in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Emission spectrometry was applied to determine the mean contents and standard deviations of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn (in mg.100 g -1 rice), which were 4.31 ± 0.44, 0.22 ± 0.10, 0.32 ± 0.08, 58.0 ± 15.0, 26.1 ± 5.7, 1.06 ± 0.26, 1.78 ± 0.55, 92.1 ± 15.2, and 1.24 ± 0.18, respectively. These results were compared with seven food composition tables available in the literature, which revealed discrepancies for Ca, Fe, Na, and K. Our data were also used to estimate the contribution of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P and Zn contained in daily rice consumption to the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI). It was found that rice contributes significantly to the RDI, especially of Mn, Cu, and Zn, particularly in view of the average daily consumption of rice per person in Brazil.

Total Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead Determination in Brazilian Rice Samples Using ICP-MS

This study is aimed at investigating a suitable method for rice sample preparation as well as validating and applying the method for monitoring the concentration of total arsenic, cadmium, and lead in rice by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Various rice sample preparation procedures were evaluated. The analytical method was validated by measuring several parameters including limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, relative bias, and repeatability. Regarding the sample preparation, recoveries of spiked samples were within the acceptable range from 89.3 to 98.2% for muffle furnace, 94.2 to 103.3% for heating block, 81.0 to 115.0% for hot plate, and 92.8 to 108.2% for microwave. Validation parameters showed that the method fits for its purpose, being the total arsenic, cadmium, and lead within the Brazilian Legislation limits. The method was applied for analyzing 37 rice samples (including polished, brown, and parboiled), consumed by the Brazilian population. The total arsenic, cadmium, and lead contents were lower than the established legislative values, except for total arsenic in one brown rice sample. This study indicated the need to establish monitoring programs for emphasizing the study on this type of cereal, aiming at promoting the Public Health.

Blood manganese levels and associated factors in a population-based study in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Manganese (Mn) is an essential dietary nutrient for human health serving as a cofactor for many enzymes; however, exposure to excessive quantities of Mn may lead to toxicity with symptoms analogous to Parkinson’s disease (PD). Population-based biomonitoring is an effective tool for characterizing the body burden of environmental or occupational pollutants, including Mn. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to (1) estimate reference values (RV) for blood Mn in an adult population and (2) assess the variables that were associated with higher blood metal levels. A total of 947 adults, aged 40 years or older, were randomly selected in a city in Southern Brazil. Information on socioeconomic, dietary, lifestyle, and occupational background was collected by trained interviewers. Blood Mn levels (μg/L) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The RV for blood Mn concentrations were obtained from the upper limits of the 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the 95th percentile distributions. Cluster analysis was performed to identify variables associated with high or low blood Mn concentrations. The RV for blood Mn levels in this study were 18.54 and 20.15 μg/L for men and women, respectively. Mn blood concentrations decreased with age and were higher in females compared to males. No marked association was noted between blood Mn and smoking or drinking habits, education levels and socioeconomic status. Diastolic blood pressure was higher in a group of women approximately 54 years of age associated with elevated blood Mn levels. Important reference data stratified by demographic and lifestyle factors that may prove useful for future surveillance of environmental exposure to Mn and health risks associated with this metal are presented.

Elevados teores de sódio em alimentos industrializados consumidos pela população brasileira

Sodium is an essential compound for regulating the intracellular and extracellular mineral fluids, and for maintaining the blood pressure. An inadequate diet with ingestion of large quantities of salt may cause the chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular accidents, among others; thus, decreasing the intake of this mineral can reduce the risk factors of such diseases. The present study aimed at determining the sodium contents in some processed foods consumed by the Brazilian population: corn-based snacks, biscuit, hamburger, sausage and noodles, by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry technique (ICP OES). The high sodium contents detected in these products revealed the importance of implementation and maintenance of food monitoring programs in the country. These strategies will provide tools to assist the food producers for controlling the sodium addition in processed products. Also, these actions will yield data which will be useful for the competent authorities to establish a legal provision which limits the amount of sodium added into the processed food, to ensure the offering of healthy foods to the population, in order to promote satisfactory public health.

Comparação de diferentes métodos estatísticos utilizados para avaliar o desempenho de participantes em um programa de ensaio de proficiência

Five statistical approaches were applied for assessing the performance of participants in 19 rounds (2007-2011) of the Proficiency Testing Program for lead in blood determination (PEP-Pbs), conducted by Instituto Adolfo Lutz. The performance evaluation was provided by using the z-score. The following statistical approaches were tested: 1 – mean and standard deviation, after rejecting outliers; 2 – median and normalized inter-quartile range; 3 – robust mean and robust standard deviation; 4 – robust mean and standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 3 μg/100 mL (for concentrations up to 40 μg/100 mL and a standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 7.5 % of the assigned value (for concentrations above 40 μg/100 mL); 5 – robust mean and standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 2 μg/100 mL (for concentration up to 40 μg/100 mL) or 5 % of the assigned value (for concentrations above 40 μg/100 mL). The approach 4 showed to be the most adequate statistical methodology to assess the performance of participating laboratories in the PEP-Pbs.Five statistical approaches were applied for assessing the performance of participants in 19 rounds (2007-2011) of the Proficiency Testing Program for lead in blood determination (PEP-Pbs), conducted by Instituto Adolfo Lutz. The performance evaluation was provided by using the z-score. The following statistical approaches were tested: 1 – mean and standard deviation, after rejecting outliers; 2 – median and normalized inter-quartile range; 3 – robust mean and robust standard deviation; 4 – robust mean and standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 3 μg/100 mL (for concentrations up to 40 μg/100 mL and a standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 7.5 % of the assigned value (for concentrations above 40 μg/100 mL); 5 – robust mean and standard deviation for proficiency assessment of 2 μg/100 mL (for concentration up to 40 μg/100 mL) or 5 % of the assigned value (for concentrations above 40 μg/100 mL). The approach 4 showed to be the most adequate statistical methodology to assess the performance of participating laboratories in the PEP-Pbs.