Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas

Reúso de águas residuárias da piscicultura e da suinocultura na irrigação da cultura da alface

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento, a producao e a qualidade sanitaria da cultura da alface irrigada com aguas residuarias originadas da suinocultura e da piscicultura. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1 - alface irrigada com agua de origem subterrânea e adubacao suplementar; T2 - alface irrigada com agua residuaria de viveiro de peixes alimentados com racao; T3 - alface irrigada com agua residuaria originaria de lagoa de estabilizacao de dejetos de suinos, e T4 - agua de lagoa de cultivo de algas, alimentada com residuo de biodigestor de dejeto de suino. Os tratamentos nao apresentaram diferencas significativas para altura da alface, diâmetro da cabeca, comprimento da raiz, massa da raiz, massa total da planta, massa fresca e massa seca; os tratamentos T4 e T2 apresentaram os maiores valores para comprimento da maior folha e numero de folhas, respectivamente; em geral, as analises foliares e a extracao de macro e micronutrientes pela cultura nao apresentaram diferencas significativas; ocorreu contaminacao de coliformes fecais e totais em todos os tratamentos; nao ocorreu contaminacao de Escherichia coli em todos os tratamentos; todos os Coeficientes de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) encontrados foram acima de 85%, exceto para o tratamento T3 que foi de 74,05%; ocorreram alteracoes quimicas no solo proporcionais as caracteristicas das aguas utilizadas nos respectivos tratamentos.

Movimento de nitrato proveniente de água residuária em colunas de solos

The present work was accomplished seeking the evaluation of the movement of the nitrate (N-NO-3) originated from freezer residual waters in soil columns. For the experiment two soil types were used, one of loamy texture and another of sandy texture, respectively areas from Medianeira and Umuarama, Parana - Brazil. Four columns of PVC, of 500 mm of length and 75 mm of diameter, were mounted and filled out with the soils, with and without limestone (80% CaCO2). In the columns, after saturation with CaCl2 0,01 M, was maintained in the superior part, through flask of Mariotte, a sheet of 100 mm of residual water which allowed a displaced fluid in a total of 2.5 times the total volume of pores (Vp). It was collected for each column a total of 100 samples of the percolated effluent and it was analyzed 20 samples in an interval of each 5 samples. It was analyzed pH values, electric conductivity (CE) and concentrations of nitrate. The results of this study showed an elevation in the rate of nitrate over the initial concentration CO, for all the percolated effluent in the soils, being these values more accentuated for the column of sandy soil with limestone. The limestone addition induced a predisposition lixiviation of the nitrate and also a smaller decrease in the pH of the leached. The sandy soil, independently of the limestone, presented a larger lixiviation of total salts and of nitrate.

Índice de capacidade do processo na avaliação da irrigação por aspersão

Analyzing the irrigation quality, besides evaluating its good operation, is a form of verifying the viability of its implantation and operation. As the distribution uniformity is one of the most used parameters for that evaluation, this work aimed to use techniques of quality engineering, by using the process capacity index (Cpl) to evaluate the uniformity of water distribution in overhead irrigation by sprinkler. The research was carried out at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering, UNIOESTE, with 2 sprinklers Super10 model, NAANDAN, spaced 9m between themselves, during 25 irrigations with 1 h each. The Weather data were collected every 10 min. by a wireless weather station. It was found a medium CUC of 79.72% and a medium wind speed of 1.85 m s-1. It was applied quality control tests, elaborating SHEWHART control charts and it was calculated the process capacity index (Cpl). The obtained results allow us to affirm that the use of the process capacity index becomes a powerful tool to classify overhead irrigations in function of distribution uniformity.

Nitrogen removal in a SBR operated with and without pre-denitrification: effect of the carbon: nitrogen ratio and the cycle time

The effects of cycle time (CT) (8, 12 and 16 h) and C/N ratio (3, 6 and 9) on nitrogen removal efficiencies in a bench top sequencing batch reactor treating slaughterhouse wastewater were investigated under different operating conditions: in condition I, the reaction comprises an aerobic/anoxic phase and in condition II, the reaction comprises anoxic I/aerobic/anoxic II phases (with pre-denitrification). The greatest percentages of nitrogen removal were obtained in the CT range from 12 to 16 h and C/N ratios from 3 to 6, with mean efficiency values of 80.76% and 85.57% in condition I and 90.99% and 91.09% in condition II. Although condition II gave a higher removal of total inorganic nitrogen (NH4+−N+NO2−−N+NO3−−N) than condition I, only condition I showed statistically significant and predictive regression for all the steps of nitrogen removal.

Removal of organic matter and nutrients from slaughterhouse wastewater by using Eichhornia crassipes and evaluation of the generated biomass composting

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho da macrofita aquatica Eichhornia crassipes, aplicada in situ em sistema de tratamento de abatedouro e frigorifico, localizado no Oeste do Parana, com relacao a remocao de nutrientes e materia orgânica, bem como obter dados da producao, de praticas de manejo e de compostagem da biomassa gerada no sistema. Durante 11 meses de desenvolvimento das macrofitas na lagoa, realizou-se o monitoramento de parâmetros fisico-quimicos e controlou-se a densidade das plantas, retirando-se periodicamente a biomassa em excesso por meio do acompanhamento semanal da densidade de plantas, expressa em kg de aguape por m2 de area liquida coberta. Avaliou-se, em escala-piloto, a degradacao das macrofitas retiradas do sistema de tratamento, montando-se oito leiras de compostagem com aproximadamente 0,60 m3, com quatro tratamentos distintos e duas repeticoes, sendo: T1- aguape (Eichhornia crassipes); T2 - aguape e dejeto suino; T3 - aguape, dejeto suino e terra, e T4 - aguape, dejeto suino e tripa celulosica, por periodo de 90 dias. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram as eficiencias maximas de remocoes: DQO de 77,2%; DBO de 77,8%; nitrogenio total de 87,9%; nitrogenio amoniacal de 47,5% e fosforo total de 38,9%, para o tempo de detencao de cinco dias. Quanto a estabilizacao da biomassa via processo de compostagem, considerando a relacao C:N como indicador da maturidade do composto, observou-se que o tratamento T4 obteve o menor periodo de estabilizacao: 60 dias. Nao houve diferenca significativa a 5%, pelo teste F, para a taxa de bioestabilizacao.

Anaerobic reactors with biofilter and different diameter-length ratios in cassava starch industry wastewater treatment

A utilizacao de reatores anaerobios com meio suporte no tratamento de efluentes liquidos, provenientes das fecularias de mandioca, tem-se apresentado como uma opcao viavel, uma vez que possibilita a aplicacao de cargas orgânicas elevadas e uma reducao consideravel do TDH necessario para o tratamento. O objetivo do trabalho consistiu no estudo do processo de biodigestao, em dois reatores anaerobios, com meio suporte de bambu, no tratamento de efluente de fecularia de mandioca, por meio da avaliacao do desempenho dos mesmos. Foram utilizados dois reatores com relacoes diâmetro:comprimento 1:6 e 1:3. As cargas orgânicas aplicadas aos sistemas foram 0,519; 1,156; 1,471; 3,049; 4,347; 4,708 e 5,601 g.L-1d-1. Com relacao a eficiencia de remocao de DQO, ST e STV, nao foram obtidas diferencas estatisticas entre os reatores. Os dois sistemas avaliados apresentaram comportamento estavel em relacao a AV/AT (acidez volatil/alcalinidade total) para todas as cargas submetidas. Os reatores apresentaram tendencia a manutencao da producao de biogas em funcao da DQO consumida, para as tres ultimas cargas orgânicas aplicadas, indicando uma capacidade de suportar cargas orgânicas mais elevadas.

Análise espacial da umidade do solo cultivado com soja sob dois sistemas de manejo

Abordaram-se, neste trabalho, aspectos basicos da geoestatistica para analise espacial de dados de umidade do solo, com enfase na analise de semivariograma como metodologia para determinacao da dependencia espacial. O objetivo consistiu na analise da umidade sob condicoes de campo, na regiao de Toledo, PR, em solo argiloso, nas profundidades de 15 e 30cm, sob sistema de manejo plantio direto e preparo convencional do solo; o local da pesquisa foi constituido de duas areas de 14x14m. Realizou-se, em cada area do experimento, um levantamento por amostragem em uma malha de 64 pontos espacados 2m, e se utilizou, para analise das amostras, o metodo convencional (gravimetrico). Os dados foram analisados atraves da estatistica classica e da geoestatistica. Os resultados indicaram baixo coeficiente de variacao em todas as coletas de dados, o que indica homogeneidade dos dados. A analise dos semivariogramas indicou dependencia espacial da umidade entre moderada e fraca. Os alcances da dependencia espacial foram de 5,20 a 10,67m para a umidade do solo. Os valores de umidade estao relacionados com a profundidade em ambos os sistemas de manejo mas as variabilidades nao acompanharam esta tendencia.

Geochemistry of the Upper Paraná River floodplain: study of the Garças Pond and Patos Pond

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal evolution of the supply of chemical elements to the Upper Paraná River floodplain and identify trends in the geochemistry of its drainage basin. The primary factor that regulates the supply of chemical elements of the Upper Paraná River floodplain is the flood pulse, which can be magnified by the El Niño—Southern Oscillation. Garças Pond is affected by agriculture, urbanization, discharge of industrial effluents and hydroelectric power production activities. Patos Pond is affected by sugarcane burning, gold mining, agriculture and urbanization.

Simulação da dinâmica operacional de um processo industrial de abate de aves

This work was carried out with the objective of developing a computational model using the simulation language EXTEND TM to simulate the dynamic of poultry slaughter industry and conduct sensitivity analysis experiments. Hence, a dynamic, stochastic, discrete model was developed. The modeled real system is located in the southwestern region of the Parana State, Brazil, which has a daily slaughter capacity of 500000 poultries using three processing lines and operating in three daily schedules. To validate the model data from three schedules were collected and compared to the output variables from the real system generated by the model; those variables were: (i) processing time; (ii) gross weight; (iii) live weight; (iv) sub-product weight; (v) total production weight; (vi) whole slaughtered weight; and (vii) net weight. The model implemented proved to be efficient since the percentage of average errors was less than 1.13%. The sensitivity analysis carried out, with processing rates changed to 7000; 8000 and 9000 poultries per hour per line, showed the following processing time averages 8.69, 7.86 and 7.86 hours, respectively. In addition, the experiment demonstrated that the processing rate of 9000 poultries h

Mapeamento de uso e ocupação do solo e qualidade da água de irrigação no município de Salto do Lontra-Paraná

The objective of this study consisted on mapping the use and soil occupation and evaluation of the quality of irrigation water used in Salto do Lontra, in the state of Parana, Brazil. Images of the satellite SPOT-5 were used to perform the supervised classification of the Maximum Likelihood algorithm - MAXVER, and the water quality parameters analyzed were pH, EC, HCO3-, Cl-, PO43-, NO3-, turbidity, temperature and thermotolerant coliforms in two distinct rainfall periods. The water quality data were subjected to statistical analysis by the techniques of PCA and FA, to identify the most relevant variables in assessing the quality of irrigation water. The characterization of soil use and occupation by the classifier MAXVER allowed the identification of the following classes: crops, bare soil/stubble, forests and urban area. The PCA technique applied to irrigation water quality data explained 53.27% of the variation in water quality among the sampled points. Nitrate, thermotolerant coliforms, temperature, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate were the parameters that best explained the spatial variation of water quality.