Marco Aurélio Carbone Carneiro

ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS, QUÍMICOS E BIOLÓGICOS DE SOLO DE CERRADO SOB DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE USO E MANEJO

As knowledge on no-till system expands, it has become quite clear that separate chemical indicators cannot provide a detailed soil characterization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tillage systems and soil use in the physical, chemical and biological properties of a clayey dystrophic Red Latosol - Oxisol and a sandy Neosol - Entisol. The treatments for the Oxisol consisted of: native savanna, pasture, conventional tillage, no-tillage with turnip and with forage sorghum as cover crop. For the Entisol: native savanna, native pasture, integrated crop-livestock, cultivated pasture, no-tillage with soybean and corn in the summer. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-10 cm, in a clayey dystrophic Red Latosol - Oxisol and a sandy Neosol - Entisol in a savanna ecosystem, near the Parque Nacional das Emas. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, in 5 plots of 150m2, where 10 sub-samples were collected randomly. Chemical, physical and biological analyses were carried out at a soil laboratory. In the Entisol, tillage influenced the soil density, total pore volume, macroporosity and penetration resistance. In the Oxisol, tillage induced variations in soil bulk density, macroporosity and penetration resistance. Small variations in chemical properties were observed in both soils, with higher potential acidity and lower exchangeable cation and phosphorus concentrations. The soil biological properties were influenced by tillage, and were most affected in systems with more anthropic action. In the canonical data analysis the greater weighting coefficient of the physical properties in the canonic variables demonstrated that these were the least important. The contribution of the separate soil properties to evaluate soil quality was minor, but the most sustainable management systems could be defined by multivariate analysis.

Atributos biológicos indicadores da qualidade do solo em sistemas de manejo na região do cerrado no sul do estado de Goiás

Latosols (Oxisols) under cerrado vegetation have been intensively incorporated into the agricultural production process. However, studies involving soil quality in this environment are scarce. The objective of this work was to verify alterations on aggregation attribute indicators of soil quality, as a result of the management systems adopted for the native cerrado, and to select the best attributes indicating such alterations. The samples were collected at depths of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-40 cm from a typic Dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol) in Morrinhos, Goias State, Brazil. The following attributes were evaluated: mean geometric diameter (MGD), percentage of aggregates > 2 mm, percentage of aggregates 2 mm aggregate class (0.852*), and a negative correlation (-0.903**) with the 2 mm- and < 0.25 mm-aggregate groups were good indicators for alterations in relation to the native cerrado and can be suggested as useful components for the elaboration of a regional soil quality index.

Ammonia volatilization of urea in the out-of-season corn

The aim of this study was to evaluate the N losses due to volatilization at different rates of common urea, polymer coated urea and urease inhibitor-treated urea in the out-of-season corn, using semi-open static collectors. The treatments consisted of N levels on side-dressing fertilization with urea in different treatments: (a) control (without N), (b) urea 40 kg ha-1 N, (c) urea 80 kg ha-1 N, (d) polymer coated urea 40 kg ha-1 N, (e) polymer coated urea 80 kg ha-1 N and (f) urea with the urease inhibitor (UI) N 80 kg ha-1 N. The results showed that the treatments with polymer coated urea and with urease inhibitor-treated urea reduced the volatilization of N around 50 % compared to common urea, either in the first and the second N side-dressing fertilizations. Thus, they demonstrate that the polymer coat and the urease inhibitors were effective in reducing the volatilization of urea N applied in coverage, which resulted in higher productivity. There was also increasing urease activity in the treatments with application of common urea.

Produção de fitomassa de diferentes espécies de cobertura e suas alterações na atividade microbiana de solo de cerrado

The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytomass yield of nine species of cover crops of the soil and to verify the alterations in the activity and microbial biomass of Cerrado soil, in the State of Goias, Brazil. The work was developed from March to December, 2004, being sowed the following covering species: Avena strigosa, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea, Lablab purpureum, Pennicetum americanum, Raphanus sativus, Guizotia abyssinica, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalatia spectabilis and an area in fallow considered with reference. In the occasion of the flower phytomass yield was determined and starting from August it leaves of this was conditioned in sacks of polyethylene to evaluate the decomposition tax, being in the soil for 120 days. During this period, in every month, they were evaluating the carbon of the microbial biomass and the microbial respiration of the soil. The Cajanus cajan, Pennicetum americanum, Canavalia ensiformis and Guizotia abyssinica are shown as the most promising species for phytomass yield, while the Avena strigosa, Crotalaria juncea and the Raphanus sativus present the smallest phytomass yield. The areas under Pennicetum americanum residues, Raphanus sativus, Crotalatia spectabilis and the fallow affect the carbon of the microbial biomass negatively. Area under resting provided to smallest phytomass yield, reduction in the carbon of the microbial biomass and larger loss of carbon, being this practice no suitable for the Cerrado region.

Atributos físicos de um Neossolo Quartzarênico e um Latossolo Vermelho sob diferentes sistemas de manejo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different management systems in soils physical attributes of a Typic Quartzipisamment and of a Rhodic Hapludox. Evaluations were made for the soil density, the total volume of pores and the mechanical resistance to the penetration of the soil. Both management systems and the use of the soil promoted increase in the density of the soil, decrease of the total volume of pores and variation of the resistance of the soil to the penetration. The Typic Quartzipisamment presented decrease of the macroporosity.

Soil fertility and upland rice yield after biochar application in the Cerrado

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of biochar made from Eucalyptus on soil fertility, and on the yield and development of upland rice. The experiment was performed during two years in a randomized block design with four replicates, in a sandy loam Dystric Plinthosol. Four doses of NPK 05-25-15, annually distributed in stripes (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1), and four doses of biochar (0, 8, 16 and 32 Mg ha-1), applied once in the first year - alone or with NPK - were evaluated. In the first year, biochar positively affected soil fertility [total organic carbon (TOC), Ca, P, Al, H+Al, and pH], at 0-10 cm soil depth, and it was the only factor with significant effect on yield. In the second year, the effect of biochar diminished or was overcome by the fertilizer. TOC moved down in the soil profile to the 0-20 cm depth, influencing K availability in this layer. In the second year, there was a significant interaction between biochar and the fertilizer on plant growth and biomass dry matter accumulation.

Avaliação de fontes e de extratores de silício no solo

The objective of this work was to evaluate silicon extractors and sources in the culture of the rice in a Quartzipsamment soil in a greenhouse. The experiment was completely randomized as a factorial design (26x7), comprising 25 silicon sources with 250 kg ha -1 of Si applied, and the control, as well as 7 silicon extractors in the soil. Additional treatments with 125, 375 and 500 kg ha -1 of Si were applied with wollastonite. Ninety days after sowing, the yielded dry matter of aerial parts and the soil and plant tissue Si content were determined. The source that provided higher Si absorption to the plants of rice was gel silicon, and the source that provided lower absorption was the MB-4. The extractors presented increased linear content of Si in the soil with the increment of doses of wollastonite. Among treatments, the high Si extraction ocurred with the acetic acid, and the calcium chloride went the extractor with better correlation. Ammonium carbonate and ammonium acetate presented near correlations to calcium chloride and had a larger distribution of the points, which better discriminated variations among the Si sources.

Atividade da enzima nitrato redutase em milho cultivado sob diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada e potássica

Because of the use in human feeding, animal, and high productive potential, corn is considered to be one of the most important cultivated and commercialized cereals in the world. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different potassium doses and nitrogen in the activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase in the corn culture in a greenhouse environment. Five dosages of nitrogen (0; 50; 100; 150 and 200kg ha-1) and five potassium dosages (0; 40; 80; 120 and 160kg ha-1) were used. The activity of the nitrate reductase was esteemed, in vivo after the plants reached four leaves totally unfolded. The method that was used is based on the principle of the amount of nitrite liberated by fragments of alive tissue in a buffer in the presence of a permanent agent and substrate, reflects the potential in situ activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase. The activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase suffered significant influence of the f nitrogen and potassium dosage interaction, where the interaction N=100kg ha-1 and K=40kg ha-1 provided the best medium of the experiment. From this dosage on, the increase of nitrogen and potassium supplement caused a reduction of the enzymatic activity.

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate fertilization on initial growth of six arboreal species of cerrado

Conduziu-se este estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar o beneficio da inoculacao com o fungo micorrizico arbuscular, Glomus clarum, sobre o crescimento inicial da gabiroba (Campomanesia cambessedeana), baru (Dipterix alata), jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril), inga (Inga laurina), caroba (Jacaranda cuspidifolia) e chicha (Sterculia striata), especies arboreas nativas do Bioma de Cerrado, em solo nao esterilizado com baixo (0,02 mg L-1) e alto (0,2 mg L-1) teor de P na solucao do solo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetacao, em vasos de 1,5 kg, por ate 120 dias. O delineamento experimental para cada especie arborea foi inteiramente casualizado com dez repeticoes, em esquema fatorial 2x2 (mudas inoculadas e nao inoculadas e dois niveis fosforo (P) na solucao do solo). As plantas arboreas do Cerrado apresentaram incremento na colonizacao micorrizica pela inoculacao com Glomus clarum, exceto o chicha que apresentou colonizacao da comunidade indigena alta nao diferindo da promovida pelo fungo inoculado. A inoculacao proporcionou aumento no crescimento do baru, gabiroba, inga, caroba e chicha, assim como da materia seca da parte aerea (MSPA) e a materia seca de raizes (MSR), sendo que, para a caroba, o efeito foi sinergico com a aplicacao de P ao solo. O baru e o jatoba apresentaram apenas incremento da materia seca com a aplicacao de P ao solo. A micotrofia (dependencia micorrizica) das especies e suas respostas a inoculacao e ao fosforo sao discutidas. Recomenda-se para producao de mudas, de qualidade, de caroba, gabiroba, chicha e inga a inoculacao com Glomus clarum conjuntamente com a fertilizacao fosfatada do solo e para o jatoba e baru apenas aplicacao de P ao solo.

Absorção de fósforo em doze genótipos de milho inoculados com fungo micorrízico arbuscular em solo de cerrado

The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of phosphorus absorvation in twelve corn genotypes. The study was performed in presence and absence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculation. The experiment took place at the Agrarian and Biological Center greenhouse, in the Federal University of Goias, Jatai, Brazil. The genotypes were randomly distributed in blocks with three replicates in a 12x2x2 factorial. The genotypes were AG9010, P30K75, AG8060, P30P70, AG405, P30F33, AG7000, BANDEIRANTES, EMGOPA501, BALU178, DINA657, 2C599, cultivated under two doses of phosphorus (10 and 100mg kg-1 of P in soil solution) in presence or absence of Glomus etunicatum mycorrization. The study verified the difference among genotypes in dry root matter production. The ratio among root dry and shoot dry matter colonized with mycorrizal fungus was observed. Ratio accumulated phosphorus among shoot and dry root matter was also seen. The mycorrization changed classification of genotypes regarding to dry matter shoot production under low P and the response for higher P supply.