Marcos Vinícius Carneiro Vital

Bird communities in three forest types in the Pernambuco Centre of Endemism, Alagoas, Brazil

The Pernambuco Center of Endemism (PCE) in northeastern Brazil is highly fragmented and degraded. Despite its potential conservation importance the bird fauna in this area is still relatively unknown and there are many remnant fragments that have not been systematically surveyed. Here, we report the results of bird surveys in five forest fragments (one pioneer, two ombrophilous and two seasonal). In total, 162 taxa were recorded, 12 of which are endemic to the PCE. The frequency of endangered species was lower than what has been reported in studies from the same area and most of the taxa considered to be at risk of extinction were sub-species of uncertain taxonomic validity. The comparatively low number of endemic/threatened species may be due to the small size of the fragments in the present study - a consequence of the high levels of habitat loss in this region. Analysis of species richness patterns indicates that ombrophilous forest fragments are acting as refuges for those bird species that are most sensitive to environmental degradation.

Seasonality, Environmental Factors, and Host Behavior Linked to Disease Risk in Stream-Dwelling Tadpoles

Abstract:  The aquatic pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) can cause declines in amphibian populations and species extinctions worldwide. In tadpoles, epizootic events have not been reported; however, there is a possibility for rapid spread of disease in water. Here, we quantified Bd infection dynamics in tadpoles from two streams in the northeastern Atlantic forest of Brazil. Bd prevalence varied seasonally and increased during the rainy season. Aplastodiscus sibilatus and Proceratophrys renalis tadpoles were Bd positive in both seasons, whereas Agalychnis granulosa tadpoles were Bd positive only during the rainy season. Bd prevalence was higher in A. sibilatus than in A. granulosa and P. renalis. We found that larger individuals have a higher probability of being Bd positive, independent of the developmental stage. Moreover, we found that canopy cover, water flow, water temperature, water depth, and pH were associated with Bd prevalence. Our results highlight the fact that tadpoles can serve as pathogen reservoirs; therefore, monitoring anuran larvae populations in these habitats can enhance the impact assessment of this pathogen in biodiversity hot spots.

A scientometric study of the order Odonata with special attention to Brazil

The insects of the order Odonata have an aquatic larval stage and land-dwelling adults. These insects play an important role in aquatic ecosystems and are excellent bioindicators. The present study was based on a scientometric analysis of the research available on the Odonata, which aimed to identify the principal trends and gaps in the database on these organisms, compiled online from databases of the Institute for Scientific Information – ISI, Scielo and journals Odonatologica and International Journal of Odonatology. A total of 2317 papers were analyzed, permitting the detection of the following tendencies: a gradual increase in the number of papers occurred over time, most of the papers had an ecological perspective, most focused primarily on the adult stage and species level, and 49 studies focused on bio-indication by examining variation in the composition of the community, fluctuating asymmetry, bioaccumulation, species richness and abundance, and odonate habitat index (OHI). The increase in the ecological studies of odonates may reflect the dynamic characteristics of this order, and its relatively well-defined systematics, principally in the case of the adults. Despite the increase in the number of publications, there are still many gaps, such as biogeography, parasitism, competition within and among species, evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships, as well as studies of the larval stages of these organisms. Given the sensitivity of the members of this order to environmental variables, they may be used for the evaluation of aquatic systems, given their roles as detectors, exploiters or accumulators, depending on the type of response to environmental modifications.

Sexual dimorphism in Amphisbaena nigricauda (Reptilia, Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from Southeastern Brazil

Amphisbaena nigricauda Gans, 1966 is a small, poorly known amphisbaenid endemic to the restinga of the states of Espirito Santo and Bahia, Brazil. We analyze 178 specimens collected in Vitoria municipality, state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, to investigate whether this species show sexual dimorphism in pre-cloacal pores and in morphological characters. Sex was determined by a ventral incision and direct inspection of gonads. A PCA analysis was performed to generate a general body size measurement. A T test and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test were used to assess whether this species show sexual dimorphism on five morphometric and five meristic characters, respectively. Sex could not be determined in 36 specimens because they were mutilated in the posterior portion of their bodies. The diagnosis of the species is redefined based on this sample size: the smallest number of body annuli changes from 222 to 192, the number of dorsal and ventral segments in an annulus in the middle of the body changes to 9-11/13-16 (instead of 10/16), and the autotomic tail annulus lies between annulus 7-10 (instead of 6-9). The number of tail annuli remained within the known range of variation of the species (19-24). None of the 80 females analyzed showed pre-cloacal pores, whereas within males 59 out of 62 specimens displayed four and two specimens displayed five pre-cloacal pores. A single male did not possess pre-cloacal pores, but showed irregular scales on its cloacal region. Sex-based difference based on presence or absence of pre-cloacal pores as well as males with wider head was seen in other Neotropical amphisbaenids. However, a pattern of body size differences between males and females has not been identified so far in the few amphisbaenid species studied in this regard. Further studies on this taxonomic group are still needed to elucidate the existence of general patterns of sexual dimorphism and to identify the selective pressures driving these patterns.

Potential geographic distribution and conservation of Audubon's Shearwater, Puffinus lherminieri in Brazil

Audubons Shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri Lesson 1839) is a tropical seabird occurring mainly between southern Canada and the southeast coast of Brazil. Puffinus lherminieri is considered Critically Endangered on the Brazilian Red List because it only occurs in two known localities, both of which contain very small populations. However, many offshore islands along the Brazilian coast are poorly known and the discovery of new colonies would be of considerable significance for the conservation of this species. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential geographic distribution of Audubons Shearwater in Brazil, based on ecological niche model (ENM) using Maxent algorithm with layers obtained from AquaMaps environmental dataset. The ENM was based on 37 records for reproduction areas in North and South America. The model yielded a very broad potential distribution, covering most of the Atlantic coast ranging from Brazil to the US. When filtered for islands along the Brazilian coast, the model indicates higher levels of environmental suitability near the states of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo and Bahia. However, P. lherminieri prefers islands in environments with warm saline water. Thus, based on the influence of currents that act on the Brazilian coast we can infer undiscovered colonies are most likely to occur on islands on coast of Bahia, Espirito Santo and extreme north of the Rio de Janeiro. These should be intensively surveyed while the islands south of Cabo Frio should be discarded. The existence of new populations would have profound effects on the conservation status of this enigmatic and rarely seen seabird.

The influence of land use on edge effect in an Atlantic forest fragment in north-east Brazil

Si bien el efecto de borde es un fenomeno ampliamente estudiado en bosques tropicales, los efectos de la creacion de bordes en bosques abiertos ombrofilos del bosque atlantico del noreste de Brasil han sido poco discutido. Comunidades vegetales con una gran apertura de copa, incluyendo periodos con perdida parcial de hojas pueden responder de manera diferenciada a los impactos de la formacion de bordes ya que las especies pueden ser mas tolerantes a la luz. La matriz puede tener una influencia directa sobre el efecto de borde. La mayoria de los estudios disponibles examinan las consecuencias de la interface entre el bosque y las areas agricolas o praderas. Sin embargo, los efectos de la creacion de un cuerpo de agua han sido poco estudiados a pesar de ser frecuentes en el ultimo siglo. En este estudio se analiza el efecto de borde en dos lados de un fragmento, el primer borde en contacto con un cultivo de cana y el segundo con un lago formado por una represa. Para neutralizar el efecto de madereo selectivo y evitar el conteo de especies establecidas antes de la formacion del borde, se analiza la composicion y densidad de la capa juvenil (≤ 1m). Los resultados indican que la construccion de una represa (cuerpo de agua) ha causado un efecto de borde en el fragmento de bosque, que parece no ser relevante en el area adyacente al cultivo de cana.