Marek Zając

Investigations of the Influence of Hologram Aberrations on the Light Intensity Distribution in the Image Plane

The aim in this paper is to analyse, for the examples chosen, the influence of particular aberrations of the point-object hologram on the light intensity distribution in the plane which is assumed to be the image plane. The numerical method used for calculating the light intensity at any image point is that presented in an earlier paper. The calculations have been carried out for three cases of holographic imaging. The recording and reconstruction geometry has been chosen so that it was possible to examine the influence of the particular aberration on the image quality. The calculated energy distribution in the aberration spots is consistent with those resulting from using third-order aberration theory as well as from ‘ray-tracing’ calculations.

Correction of chromatic aberration in hybrid objectives

Summary In this paper two hybrid objectives of three-elements are presented. In one of the objectives one lens is made from fluorite and in the other one – from special glass. Both have corrected chromatic aberration in the wavelength range 0.435 μm

Retinal images in a model of a pseudophakic eye with classic and hybrid intraocular lenses

In order to restore clear vision in the case of cataracts the opaque crystalline lens of the diseased eye is extracted and an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is implanted in its place. Different designs of IOLs are used in practice. The retinal image quality in such an eye (pseudophakic) depends on the parameters of the implanted IOL, in particular on its chromatic aberration. Since the dispersive properties of IOL material differ from that of a crystalline lens, the chromatic aberration of a pseudophakic eye is much greater than in a healthy eye. This paper studies a hybrid (refractive–diffractive) IOL of chromatic aberration chosen in a such way that the overall longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) of the pseudophakic eye is equal to that of the healthy eye. Simulated retinal images calculated with the help of typical lens design software ZEMAX® illustrate the usefulness of such a solution.

In vivo longitudinal chromatic aberration of pseudophakic eyes.

Purpose To present the results of longitudinal chromatic aberration measurements on two groups of pseudophakic eyes in comparison to healthy eyes. Methods The longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye, defined as chromatic difference of refraction with disabled accommodation, was measured with the use of a visual refractometer with a custom-designed target illuminator consisting of a narrow-band RGB diode (blue &lgr;b = 470 ± 15 nm; green &lgr;g = 525 ± 18 nm; red &lgr;r = 660 ± 10 nm). The measurements were performed on nine eyes implanted with AcrySof IQ SN60WF, 14 eyes implanted with AcrySof SA60AT, and 10 phakic eyes under cycloplegia. Results The mean values of the longitudinal chromatic aberration between 470 and 660 nm for the control group was 1.12 ± 0.14 D. For SA60AT group, it was 1.45 ± 0.42 D whereas for SN60WF it was 1.17 ± 0.52 D. The statistical test showed significant difference between SA60AT and the control group (p << 0.05) and no significant difference between SN60WF and the control groups (p = 0.64). Conclusions The study showed that the longitudinal chromatic aberration in vivo can be easily and reliably estimated with an adapted visual refractometer. The two groups of pseudophakic eyes measured in this study showed different values of chromatic aberration. Its magnitude for SA60AT group was significantly larger than for the control group whereas for SN60WF the difference was not significant. The optical material used for intraocular lens design may have significant influence on the magnitude of the chromatic aberration of the pseudophakic eye, and therefore on its optical and visual performance in polychromatic light.

Evaluation of intraocular lens implant location in the eyeball basing on the Purkinje images

Intraocular lens (IOL) is an artificial implant substituting natural crystalline lens which is non-transparent due to cataract. Incorrect location of the IOL in the eyeball (e.g. its shift or tilt) causes significant deterioration of patient’s vision. The analysis of Purkinje images (i.e. reflections from successive refracting surfaces in the eye) enables to determine the real IOL location and thus helps in evaluating the retinal image quality. The experimental setup for Purkinje images recording consists of illuminator, composed of a number of infrared LEDs, telecentric lens and detector (CCD camera). Analysis of mutual position of particular reflections enables to evaluate the lens location in respect to the corneal axis. The actual measurements are realized on artificial eye model, what allows to estimate the precision of the algorithm applied in the calculations. In the future the experimental set-up will be adapted to measure the eyes of real patients.

Characteristics of the retinal images of the eye optical systems with implanted intraocular lenses

Cataract, or opacity of crystalline lens in the human eye is one of the most frequent reasons of blindness nowadays. Removing the pathologically altered crystalline lens and replacing it with artificial implantable intraocular lens (IOL) is practically the only therapy in this illness. There exist a wide variety of artificial IOL types on the medical market, differing in their material and design (shape). In this paper six exemplary models of IOLs made of PMMA, acrylic and silicone are considered. The retinal image quality is analyzed numerically on the basis of Liou-Brennan eye model with these IOLs inserted. Chromatic aberration as well as polychromatic Point Spread Function and Modulation Transfer Function are calculated as most adequate image quality measures. The calculations made with ZemaxTM software show the importance of chromatic aberration correction.

Correction of field aberrations in a hybrid triplet objective

A diffractive structure (holographic lens: HL, diffractive optical element: DOE) can be included into compound objective as one of its parts making a hybrid objective. In this paper a possibility of correcting field aberrations in a triplet hybrid objective is analyzed. The solutions for aplanatic correction in the case of achromate, apochromate and quasi-superachromate are presented and illustrated with exemplary objectives. Correction of field curvature is considered in the case of hybrid triplet achromate.

A technique of experimental and numerical analysis of influence of defects in the intraocular lens on the retinal image quality

Intraocular lens (IOL) is an artificial lens implanted into the eye in order to restore correct vision after the removal of natural lens cloudy due to cataract. The IOL prolonged stay in the eyeball causes the creation of different changes on the surface and inside the implant mainly in form of small-size local defects such as vacuoles and calcium deposites. Their presence worsens the imaging properties of the eye mainly due to occurence of scattered light thus deteriorating the vision quality of patients after cataract surgery. It is very difficult to study influence the effects of these changes on image quality in real patients. To avoid these difficulties two other possibilities were chosen: the analysis of the image obtained in an optomechanical eye model with artificially aged IOL as well as numerical calculation of the image characteristics while the eye lens is burdened with adequately modeled defects. In experiments the optomechanical model of an eye consisting of a glass “cornea”, chamber filled with liquid where the IOL under investigation was inserted and a high resulution CCC detector serving as a “retina” was used. The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of such “eye” was evaluated on the basis of image of an edge. Experiments show that there is significant connection between ageing defects and decrease in MTF parameters. Numerical part was performed with a computer programme for optical imaging analysis (OpticStudio Professional, Zemax Professional from Radiant Zemax, LLC). On the basis of Atchison eye model with lens burdened with defects Modulation Transfer Functio was calculated. Particular parameters of defects used in a numerical model were based on own measurements. Numerical simulation also show significant connection between ageing defects and decrease of MTF parameters. With this technique the influence of types, density and distribution of local defect in the IOL on the retinal image quality can be evaluated quickly without the need of performing very difficult and even dangereous experiments on real human patients.

Impact on optical image quality from glistenings in intraocular lenses - preliminary study

The paper presents the way that colour can serve solving the problem of calibration points indexing in a camera geometrical calibration process. We propose a technique in which indexes of calibration points in a black-and-white chessboard are represented as sets of colour regions in the neighbourhood of calibration points. We provide some general rules for designing a colour calibration chessboard and provide a method of calibration image analysis. We show that this approach leads to obtaining better results than in the case of widely used methods employing information about already indexed points to compute indexes. We also report constraints concerning the technique. Nowadays we are witnessing an increasing need for camera geometrical calibration systems. They are vital for such applications as 3D modelling, 3D reconstruction, assembly control systems, etc. Wherever possible, calibration objects placed in the scene are used in a camera geometrical calibration process. This approach significantly increases accuracy of calibration results and makes the calibration data extraction process easier and universal. There are many geometrical camera calibration techniques for a known calibration scene [1]. A great number of them use as an input calibration points which are localised and indexed in the scene. In this paper we propose the technique of calibration points indexing which uses a colour chessboard. The presented technique was developed by solving problems we encountered during experiments with our earlier methods of camera calibration scene analysis [2]-[3]. In particular, the proposed technique increases the number of indexed points points in case of local lack of calibration points detection. At the beginning of the paper we present a way of designing a chessboard pattern. Then we describe a calibration point indexing method, and finally we show experimental results. A black-and-white chessboard is widely used in order to obtain sub-pixel accuracy of calibration points localisation [1]. Calibration points are defined as corners of chessboard squares. Assuming the availability of rough localisation of these points, the points can be indexed. Noting that differences in distances between neighbouring points in calibration scene images differ slightly, one of the local searching methods can be employed (e.g. [2]). Methods of this type search for a calibration point to be indexed, using a window of a certain size. The position of the window is determined by a vector representing the distance between two previously indexed points in the same row or column. However, experiments show that this approach has its disadvantages, as described below. * E-mail: A.Nowakowski@ire.pw.edu.pl Firstly, there is a danger of omitting some points during indexing in case of local lack of calibration points detection in a neighbourhood (e.g. caused by the presence of non-homogeneous light in the calibration scene). A particularly unfavourable situation is when the local lack of detection effects in the appearance of separated regions of detected calibration points. It is worth saying that such situations are likely to happen for calibration points situated near image borders. Such points are very important for the analysis of optical nonlinearities, and a lack of them can significantly influence the accuracy of distortion modelling. Secondly, such methods may give wrong results in the case of optical distortion with strong nonlinearities when getting information about the neighbouring index is not an easy task. Beside this, the methods are very sensitive to a single false localisation of a calibration point. Such a single false localisation can even result in false indexing of a big set of calibration points. To avoid the above-mentioned problems, we propose using a black-and-white chessboard which contains the coded index of a calibration point in the form of colour squares situated in the nearest neighbourhood of each point. The index of a certain calibration point is determined by colours of four nearest neighbouring squares (Fig.1). An order of squares in such foursome is important. Because the size of a colour square is determined only by the possibility of correct colour detection, the size of a colour square can be smaller than the size of a black or white square. The larger size of a black or white square is determined by the requirements of the exact localisation step which follows the indexing of calibration points [3]. In this step, edge information is extracted from a blackand-white chessboard. This edge information needs larger Artur Nowakowski, Wladyslaw Skarbek Institute of Radioelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warszawa, A.Nowakowski@ire.pw.edu.pl Received February 10, 2009; accepted March 27, 2009; published March 31, 2009 http://www.photonics.pl/PLP

Retinal image quality with the different types of intraocular lenses including new idea of the hybrid IOLs

Cataract is one of the most frequent reasons of blindness all around the world. Its treatment relies on removing the pathologically altered crystalline lens and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). There exists plenty of types of such implants, which differ in the optical materials and designs (shapes). However one of the important features, which is rather overlooked in the development of the intraocular implants is the chromatic aberration and its influence on the retinal image quality. In this study authors try to estimate the influence of the design and optical material of the implant on the retinal image quality in the polychromatic light, taking into consideration several exemplary types of IOLs which are commercially available. Authors also propose the partially achromatized hybrid IOLs, the longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA)of which reduces the total LCA of the phakic eye to the level of a healthy eyes LCA. Several image characteristics, as the polychromatic Point Spread Function (PSF) and the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and the polychromatic encircled energy are estimated. The results of the simulations show the significance of the partial chromatic aberration correction.