Margarita Lopatin

Impact of intravenous loop diuretics on outcomes of patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: insights from the ADHERE registry.

The optimal use of diuretics in decompensated heart failure remains uncertain. We analyzed data from the ADHERE registry to look at the impact of diuretic dosing. 62,866 patients receiving <160 mg and 19,674 patients ≥160 mg of furosemide were analyzed. The patients receiving the lower doses had a lower risk for in-hospital mortality, ICU stay, prolonged hospitalization, or adverse renal effects. These findings suggest that future studies should evaluate strategies for minimizing exposure to high doses of diuretics.

Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin levels to predict in-hospital mortality from ADHERE.

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and cardiac troponin (Tn) I or T have been demonstrated to provide prognostic information in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Whether admission BNP and Tn levels provide additive prognostic value in acutely decompensated heart failure (HF) has not been well studied. Hospitalizations for HF from April 2003 to December 2004 entered into ADHERE were analyzed. BNP assessment on admission was performed in 48,629 (63%) of 77,467 hospitalization episodes. Tn assessment was performed in 42,636 (88%) of these episodes. In-hospital mortality was assessed using logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, blood urea nitrogen, systolic blood pressure, creatinine, sodium, pulse, and dyspnea at rest. Median BNP was 840 pg/ml (interquartile range 430 to 1,730). Tn was increased in 2,370 (5.6%) of 42,636 HF episodes. BNP above the median and increased Tn were associated with significantly increased risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratios [OR] 2.09 and 2.41 respectively, each p value <0.0001). Mortality was 10.2% in patients with BNP >or=840/Tn increased compared with 2.2% with BNP <840/Tn not increased (OR 5.10, p <0.0001). After covariate adjustment, mortality risk remained significantly increased with BNP >or=840/Tn not increased (adjusted OR 1.56, 95% confidence interval 1.40 to 1.79, p <0.0001), BNP <840/Tn increased (adjusted OR 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 2.45, p = 0.006), and BNP >or=840/Tn increased (adjusted OR 3.00, 95% confidence interval 2.47 to 3.66, p <0.0001). Admission BNP and cardiac Tn levels are significant, independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated HF. Patients with BNP levels >or=840 pg/ml and increased Tn levels are at particularly high risk for mortality. In conclusion, a multimarker strategy for the assessment of patients hospitalized with HF adds incremental prognostic information.

Comparison of Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure and Normal Ejection Fraction (≥55%) Versus Those With Mildly Reduced (40% to 55%) and Moderately to Severely Reduced (<40%) Fractions

Heart failure (HF) with normal ejection fraction (EF) is an increasingly common presentation of acute decompensated HF. Differences between patients with HF and truly normal EF and those with mildly impaired EF have not been described. The Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry (ADHERE) contains information on >100,000 HF hospitalizations and may provide insight into this distinction. The ADHERE database was used to investigate differences between patients hospitalized with HF and severely (<25%), moderately (25% to 40%), and mildly (40% to 55%) decreased EF and those with normal EF (> or =55%). The group with normal EF was 69% women with a mean age of 74 years (p <0.0001 vs all other groups). Coronary artery disease was less frequent in the normal EF group, and hypertension played a larger role. Patients with EF > or =55% had increased pulse pressure, suggesting a role for arterial stiffening. Treatment differed by EF. Creatinine increased > or =0.5 mg/dl more often in the group with HF and normal EF than in the group with HF and severely decreased EF. In-hospital mortality and length of stay in the intensive care unit varied inversely with EF; overall length of stay was similar. In conclusion, patients with HF and normal EF are more likely to be women, have a history of high pulse pressure hypertension, less coronary artery disease, and a lower risk of inpatient death but a higher likelihood of deterioration in renal function during hospitalization. These observations may be important considerations in the design of future clinical trials.

Early vasoactive drugs improve heart failure outcomes.

Vasoactive therapy is often used to treat acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). The authors sought to determine whether clinical outcomes are temporally associated with time to vasoactive therapy (vasoactive time) in ADHF. Using the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHERE) Registry, the authors examined the relationship between vasoactive time and inpatient mortality within 48 hours of hospitalization. Vasoactive agents were used early (defined as <6 hours) in 22,788 (63.8%) patients and late in 12,912 (36.2%). Median vasoactive time was 1.7 and 14.7 hours in the early and late groups, respectively. In-hospital mortality was significantly lower in the early group (odds ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.96; P=.006), and the adjusted odds of death increased 6.8% for every 6 hours of treatment delay (95% confidence interval, 4.2-9.6; P<.0001). Early vasoactive initiation is associated with improved outcomes in patients hospitalized for ADHF.

Noninvasive Ventilation Outcomes in 2,430 Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Patients: An ADHERE Registry Analysis

OBJECTIVES Continuous or bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation, called noninvasive ventilation (NIV), is a controversial therapy for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). While NIV is considered safe and effective in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), clinical trial data that have addressed safety in ADHF patients are limited, with some suggestion of increased mortality. The objective of this study was to assess mortality outcomes associated with NIV and to determine if a failed trial of NIV followed by endotracheal intubation (ETI) (NIV failure) is associated with worse outcomes, compared to immediate ETI. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE), which enrolls patients with treatment for, or with a primary discharge diagnosis of, ADHF. The authors compared characteristics and outcomes in four groups: no ventilation, NIV success, NIV failure, and ETI. One-way analysis of variance or Wilcoxon testing was performed for continuous data, and chi-square tests were used for categorical data. In addition, multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust mortality comparisons for risk factors. RESULTS Entry criteria were met by 37,372 patients, of which 2,430 had ventilation assistance. Of the ventilation group, 1,688 (69.5%) were deemed NIV success, 72 (3.0%) were NIV failures, and 670 (27.6%) required ETI. The NIV failure group had the lowest O(2) saturation (SaO(2)) (84 +/- 16%), compared to either NIV success (89.6 +/- 10%) or ETI (88 +/- 13%; p = 0.017). ETI patients were more likely to receive vasoactive medications (p < 0.001) than the NIV success cohort. When comparing NIV failures to ETI, there were no differences in treatment during hospitalization (p > 0.05); other than that the NIV failure group more often received vasodilators (68.1% vs. 54.3%; p = 0.026). In-hospital mortality was 7.9% with NIV, 13.9% with NIV failure, and 15.4% with ETI. After risk adjustment, the mortality odds ratio for NIV failure versus ETI increased to 1.43, although this endpoint was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In this analysis of ADHF patients receiving NIV to date, patients placed on NIV for ADHF fared better than patients requiring immediate ETI. Patients who failed NIV and required ETI still experienced lower mortality than those initially placed on ETI. Thus, while the ETI group may be more severely ill, starting therapy with NIV instead of immediate ETI will likely not harm the patient. When ETI is required, mortality and length of stay may be adversely affected. Since a successful trial of NIV is associated with improved outcomes in patients with ADHF, application of this therapy may be a reasonable treatment option.