Margie Lee Gallagher

The use of soybean meal as a replacement for fish meal in diets for hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis×M. chrysops)

Abstract A series of feeding trials was conducted to determine the feasibility of using soybean meal to partially replace fish meal in diet formulations for hybrid striped bass. Pelleted diets were formulated with soybean meal (supplemented with methionine) replacing either 25, 50, or 75% of the protein from fish meal. Diets were fed at 4% of body weight, adjusted periodically for change in weight. Growth parameters and feed efficiencies were compared to a fish-meal-based control diet. All diets were isocaloric (14.6 kJ GE (gross energy)/g) and isonitrogenous (35% crude protein). In 12-week laboratory trials, fish (5 g initially) gained 4 times their original weight. Feed efficiencies were not significantly different and ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 g fed/g gain after 12 weeks. At the end of 6 weeks, only those fish fed 25% soybean meal protein diet grew as well as those fed 1005 fish-meal-based diet. However, by the end of 12 weeks, there was no significant difference in weight gain of fish fed diets with either 25 or 75% of protein from soybean meal as compared to the fish meal control diet. In 8-week feeding trials at 19°C, using larger fish (100–150 g), there was no significant difference among weight gain of fish fed 0, 25, 50, or 75% of dietary protein as soybean meal. Mean weight gains ranged from 122 to 140 g. In the 14-week pond trial, with fish weighing 100–200 g, there was no significant difference in weight gains of fish fed 100% of their dietary protein as fish meal and those fed a diet with 50% of the protein replaced with soybean meal. Weight gains averaged 338–352 g. These data indicate that, at least for larger hybrid striped bass, up to 75% of the fish meal protein in diets can be replaced with soybean meal protein.

Aspirating Gastric Residuals Causes Occlusion of Small-Bore Feeding Tubes

A frequent mechanical problem encountered with small-bore feeding tubes is lumenal obstruction of the tube. A number of studies have described methods to prevent tube occlusion and restore patency once the tube becomes occluded. It has been observed that most intact protein formulas will clot when acidified to a pH of less than 5.0. This study evaluated the question of whether gastric feeding tubes occlude more frequently when they are used for checking gastric residuals by aspirating acidic gastric juices into the tube than when gastric residuals are not checked. Patients who were fed intragastrically via a small-bore feeding tube with intact protein formulas were divided into two groups. Gastric residuals were checked in group A patients every 4 hours, whereas no residuals were checked in group B patients. Fifteen patients in group A were followed for a total of 138 patient days and 13 patients in group B were followed for 154 patient days. Ten occlusive episodes occurred in the group A patients, whereas only one occlusive episode occurred in the group B patients. This difference was statistically significant (p = .0171). We concluded that small-bore feeding tubes occlude more frequently when used to aspirate gastric residuals.

Effect of size on composition of the American EEL, Anguilla rostrata

Abstract 1. 1. Protein, fat, energy, ash, moisture and fatty acid composition of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) of various sizes was determined. 2. 2. Significant correlation coefficients were found between various composition parameters (protein, fat energy, ash, and moisture) and eel size parameters (length, dry weight and wet weight). 3. 3. No significant changes in fatty acid composition was noted with change in length. 4. 4. Of the fatty acids, oleic (18:1) and palmitoleic (16:1) occurred in the highest amounts, 33.69 and 26.41%, respectively, in all eels sampled.

Poultry meal and poultry oil as sources of protein and lipid in the diet of European eels (Anguilla anguilla)

Abstract Feeding trials were conducted to evaluate poultry meal and poultry oil as dietary replacements for fish meal and/or fish oil in the diet of juvenile eels. Eels fed diets in which fish meal and fish oil were replaced with poultry meal and poultry oil had significantly lower mean weight gains than those fed with either fish meal and poultry oil or poultry meal and fish oil. When defatted fish meal and defatted poultry meal were used in diets supplemented with either fish oil or poultry oil, moderately growing eels fed diets supplemented with 10% fish oil had significantly higher weights than those receiving either 5% fish oil or 5% and 10% poultry oil at day 53. Fast growing eels showed the same growth patterns at day 33, but by day 53 growth of eels fed diets with 5% and 10% fish oil, and 10% poultry oil were not significantly different from one another. However, eels fed 5% poultry oil diets had significantly lower growth than all other groups. There were no significant differences in moisture, protein, ash, crude fat or percent fatty acid content of eels fed any of the diets.

Variability of Atlantic Coast Striped Bass Egg Characteristics

Abstract Eggs of striped bass Morone saxatilis were collected from broodfish at seven hatcheries and one wild population representing nine watersheds from Georgia to Canada to determine the relationship between watershed type and egg characteristics, including density, diameter, oil globule size, surface : volume ratio, and lipid content. These populations represented an inland freshwater lake (Lake Lanier), upland-dominated (high-physical-energy) freshwater rivers (Dan and upper Roanoke (Staunton) rivers), estuarine-influenced (low-physical-energy) coastal rivers (Savannah, Pamunkey, Choptank, and Nanticoke rivers), an upland tidal-bore river (Shubenacadie River), and an upland tidal river (Miramichi River). Water quality parameters varied among hatchery locations. Water hardening of eggs occurred within 2.5 h of fertilization. Egg diameter and relative oil globule size did not differ significantly under ambient hatchery and controlled water quality conditions. However, eggs from different watersheds dif...

An evaluation of co-extruded poultry silage and culled jewel sweet potatoes as a feed ingredient for hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O. mossambicus)

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with hybrid tilapia to evaluate a meal made by extrusion co-processing culled sweet potatoes and poultry mortality silage (ESPFP). In both experiments, dried, cull sweet potatoes and fermented whole turkey carcasses (60:40 ratio, w/w wet basis) were co-extruded, dried, and hammer-milled to make the ESPFP test ingredient. The resulting ESPFP meal was included at 0%, 11%, 22%, and 33% by weight in isocaloric, isonitrogenous pelleted diets. In an 87-day growth trial, no significant differences were found in the growth parameters or carcass (market) yields among the treatment groups. Tank water quality parameters were also unaffected by inclusion of the experimental ingredient. A consumer panel found no significant differences in the sensory indices (aroma, flavor, and texture) of the fillets from fish fed with the graded levels of ESPFP in the diet versus those from fish fed the control diet. The digestibility of the diets containing the ESPFP meal was evaluated in a second trial. The apparent dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and crude protein (CP) digestibility coefficients were reduced linearly with increasing levels of the ESPFP meal in the diets (P

Effect of dietary protein level on growth and blood parameters in summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus.

Abstract Summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, were fed diets with various protein levels (36.6%, 40.0%, 47.7%, 51.9%, and 56.5%), and the effect of these levels on growth and blood parameters was measured. Fish fed the highest protein level gained significantly (P< 0.05) more weight than those fed lower levels of protein. There were no significant (P> 0.05) differences among mean feed conversion ratios (FCR), protein efficiency ratios (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), or mean percent total body moisture, protein, lipid, or ash content. Fish fed diets with 52 or 56% protein had red blood cell counts that were significantly (P< 0.05) higher than fish fed diets with lower protein levels. In addition, hematocrits were significantly (P< 0.001) correlated to dietary protein. There were no significant differences among mean total protein, triglyceride, glucose or phosphate. However, blood calcium levels varied with diet. Data indicate that summer flounder protein requirements are near those suggested for other flatfish.

Comparative studies in biochemical composition of benthic invertebrates (bivalves, ophiuroids) from the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya

Abstract Two species of ophiuroids (Ophiopleura borealis and Ophiacanthabidentata) and bivalves (Astarte crenata and Arctinulagroenlandica) were collected within and adjacent to the Northeast Water Polynya off the northeast coast of Greenland, and analyzed for total moisture, protein, lipid, and ash content. Body composition varied significantly among stations within species. Lipid and protein contents of Astarte crenata were higher in clams collected from the eastern Westwind Trough stations compared to those collected from the western Westwind Trough stations. However, the mean lipid and protein contents were significantly higher in Ophiopleura borealis sampled from the western Westwind Trough compared to the eastern Westwind Trough. Ophiopleura borealis are mobile deposit feeders and scavengers and may not be as directly dependent on sedimentary biogenic material as Astarte crenata and Ophiacanthabidentata. Samples of both Ophiopleura borealis and Ophiacantha bidentata from the Belgica Trough had lower protein and lipid contents compared to those sampled in the western Westwind Trough. Samples of Arctinula groenlandica from two locations on the Ob Bank had significantly different protein levels from each other. These data support previous work, indicating that biogenic materials resulting from primary production in the ice-free western area of the Northeast Water Polynya are advected eastward down the western Westwind Trough and that the Belgica Trough has lower organic input compared to the Westwind Trough.

Selenium levels in new growth hair and in whole blood during ingestion of a selenium supplement for six weeks

Abstract Whole blood and new growth hair selenium (Se) values were measured in 8 subjects before and following daily ingestion of a selenium enriched yeast supplement (100 mcg/day) for six weeks. Selenium supplementation significantly (p

Differences in oxygen consumption and ammonia production among American elvers (Anguilla rostrata)

Abstract Oxygen consumption and ammonia production in elvers of varying growth rates were studied. The allometric equation describing the relationship between oxygen consumption and weight is y =00.638 x0,525, where y is the oxygen consumption (mg/h) and x is the mass (g). The weight specific allometric equation for the relationship between ammonia excretion and weight is y x = 0.0129 x 0,465 . Slow growing elvers were found to have higher respiratory rates (0.737 mg O2 h−1 g−1) than would be expected for their size.