Marguerite A. Cervin

New Tool for Metabolic Pathway Engineering in Escherichia coli: One-Step Method To Modulate Expression of Chromosomal Genes

ABSTRACT A simple and highly efficient method was developed to produce a library of Escherichia coli clones that express a particular chromosomal gene at a wide range of expression levels. The basic strategy was to replace all or part of the upstream region of a coding sequence containing the elements involved in its expression (promoter, operator, gene coding for a regulator, ribosome binding site, and start codon) with a PCR-generated library of expression cassettes.

Inhibitory Complexes of N10- formyltetrahydrofolate Synthetase Indicate Negative Cooperativity between Subunits

N 10 -Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) catalyzes the formylation of tetrahydrofolate (H4folate) in an ATP dependent reaction, an initial step in the reduction of carbon dioxide and other one-carbon precursors to acetate (and the reverse reaction). The enzyme, present at high levels in the acetogenic and purinolytic bacteria, is involved in a C1 carbon fixation process for cellular biosynthesis or in ATP synthesis. Here, we report the crystal structures of two nonisomorphous, inhibitory complexes of FTHFS from Morella thermoacetica. The first, obtained at ca 2.0 M ammonium sulfate, is with a catalytic intermediate - formylphosphate, obtained from ATP, and an additional molecule of ATP, which crowds the active site. This explains previously observed substrate inhibition [1]. The other structure is an inhibitory complex of FTHFS with antifolate ZD9331, which crystallized from PEG. Structures have been determined by molecular replacement with the structure of native FTHFS (pdb code: 1EG7) as the starting model and refined using CNS to R factors of 20.4 and 20.1, respectively. The ligands positions allowed us to identify the active site. In both structures the aromatic moieties of ATP and ZD9331 are sandwiched between Phe384 and Trp412. The overlap of the ligands binding sites suggests a double displacement mechanism for FTHFS catalysis rather than the previously proposed random sequential mechanism [2]. FTHFS functions as a tetramer, loose dimer of tightly bound dimers. In both complexes (and in the native structure) the loose interaction corresponds to two-fold crystallographic symmetry. Tight dimmers are asymmetric and there is only one formylphosphate/ATP or ZD9331 per dimmer. Moreover, the complex asymmetry correlates with the crystal packing generating perfectly ordered systems; this is observed for both complexes despite very different crystal packing. The asymmetry of the complexes thus indicates strong negative cooperativity between the tight dimer subunits. An analysis of interactions that communicate ligand binding in subunit A to subunit B and prevent simultaneous ligand binding in subunit B will be presented.