Maria Blevins

Aging Promotes B-1b Cell Responses to Native, but Not Protein-Conjugated, Pneumococcal Polysaccharides: Implications for Vaccine Protection in Older Adults

The efficacy of different vaccines in protecting elderly individuals against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections is not clear. In the current study, aged mice (22-25 months old) exhibited significantly increased susceptibility to respiratory infection with serotype 3 S. pneumoniae relative to younger adult mice, regardless of whether mice were naive or immunized with native pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS; Pneumovax23) or protein-PPS conjugate (Prevnar-13) vaccines. Nonetheless, Pneumovax-immunized aged mice developed limited bacteremia following respiratory challenge and exhibited significantly increased survival following systemic challenge relative to Prevnar-immune aged mice and young mice that had received either vaccine. This was explained by >10-fold increases in PPS-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in Pneumovax-immunized aged mice relative to other groups. Remarkably, PPS3-specific B-cell expansion, IgG switching, plasmablast differentiation, and spleen and bone marrow antibody-secreting cell frequencies were 10-fold higher in aged mice following Pneumovax immunization relative to young mice, due to significantly increased B-1b cell participation. In summary, this study highlights (1) the need to devise strategies to enhance respiratory immunity in aged populations, (2) the diverse responses young and aged populations generate to Pneumovax vs Prevnar vaccines, and (3) the potential value of exploiting B-1b cell responses in aged individuals for increased vaccine efficacy.

Hematological and serum biochemical indices in healthy bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)

Background  Blood reference values for bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) are limited. The goal of this study was to determine reference ranges for hematological and serum biochemical indices in healthy, socially housed bonnet macaques for males and females over a range of ages.

The influences of perinatal challenge persist into the adolescent period in socially housed bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)

Social challenges during the perinatal period influence the mother-infant relationship in nonhuman primates and may affect the offsprings response to later social challenge(s). Relocation of a breeding colony of monkeys (Macaca radiata) created two groups of infants: one group experienced social group relocation to a new housing facility during the perinatal period (ATYPICAL) and the second group developed within a constant environment (TYPICAL). At a mean age of 25 months, all animals were removed from their natal group and placed in same sex adolescent social groups. Behavioral observations were collected after group formation or introduction to a new group. ATYPICAL subjects showed increased aggression and reduced affiliation compared to TYPICAL subjects. Hair cortisol in male subjects collected 6 months after introduction was elevated in the ATYPICAL subjects compared to TYPICAL subjects. These findings demonstrate that early life challenges affect behavior as well as stress hormone responses to social challenge in adolescence.

Challenges to bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) social groups: Mother–infant dyad and infant social interactions

The mother-infant dyad is crucial to early development in a variety of species. The complexity of social groupings in nonhuman primates makes this relationship resilient as well as susceptible to early challenges associated with environmental chaos. Quantitative behavior observations of bonnet monkey mother-infant interactions were collected from 28 mother-infant dyads between one and twelve months of age. Social groups were subjected to several prenatal and/or postnatal housing relocations within a single year resulting in two study groups. One group experienced relocations (ATYPICAL, n = 14) and the second group (TYPICAL, n = 14) was conceived and reared in the same location. Behaviors in the ethogram included mother-infant interactions and infant social interactions with other members of the group. Observations between ages of two to four months were analyzed by a mixed model analysis of variance including fixed effects of per and postnatal history (TYPICAL, ATYPICAL), age, and history by age interaction and random effects of mother and infant nested within mother. A significant effect of relocation history was noted on a number of infant behaviors. ATYPICAL infants were out of direct contact with their mother at an earlier age but remained in her proximity. Control of proximity shifted to offsrping in the ATYPICAL group compared to the TYPICAL group. Furthermore, greater social interactions between two and four months of age with other members of the social group as well as the ir mother were observed in the ATYPICAL group. It is suggested that continuous challenge associated with relocation may affect the infant at later developmental ages due to these early differences in ways that are yet unclear.

785The Effect of Temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed, and UV-Light on the Recovery of Aerosolized Influenza Virus

Background. Transmission efficacy of Influenza in aerosols is dependent on environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity (RH), airflow, andUV-light.We studied the impact of these factors on the recovery of an aerosolized wild-type Influenza virus. Methods. Influenza Avirus (A/WS/33 H1N1) was aerosolized via nebulizer (droplet nuclei) and airbrush (droplet nuclei/droplet mix). Virus was collected through a mannequin head into a breathing bag of an artificial lung system filled with virus transport media. During emission virus was exposed to varying environmental conditions: (1) indoor (20C; 40%RH); (2) winter (6C; 35%RH); and (3) summer (34C; 77%RH). Within each condition, directed air flow (low: 137 feet/second, high: 154 feet/second) and exposure to UV-C light (low dose: 18W; high dose: 36W) was applied. Quantitative virus detection was performed via plaque assay in MDCK cell cultures. Results. With indoor set as standard, winter reduced virus recovery by 44% (p = 0.01) in droplet nuclei and increased recovery, though not significantly (12%, p = 0.58) in droplet nuclei/droplet mix. Summer decreased recovery by 64% in droplet nuclei (p = 0.0001) and 11% in droplet nuclei/droplet mix (p = 0.67). Within each condition, increased air flow led to a reduction in droplet nuclei (p < 0.0001). There was indication that increased air flow may improve recovery across all conditions for droplet nuclei/droplet mix (p = 0.09). Application of low dose UV-C resulted in a >98% reduction for droplet nuclei across all conditions (p < 0.0001). For droplet nuclei/droplet mix, low dose UV-C had no effect across all conditions (p = 0.35), but high dose UV-C decreased droplet nuclei/droplet mix (p = 0.0019). Conclusion. Indoor conditions most effectively supported the potential for airborne Influenza transmission by small particles (droplet nuclei). However, winter shifted virus recovery to large particles making droplet transmission more likely. Summer decreased both, small and large particles. Within each condition, directed airflow reduced small particle collection by dilution, while increasing larger particle recovery by acceleration towards the collection point. UV-C light reduced virus recovery with the smallest impact observed in large particles. Disclosures. All authors: No reported disclosures.

1221Air and Surface Burden of Measles Virus in a Hospital Setting

1221. Air and Surface Burden of Measles Virus in a Hospital Setting John Stehle Jr., PhD; Rebecca Mcnall, BS; Maria Blevins, BS; Jolyn Turner, PhD; Paul Rota, PhD; Werner Bischoff, MD, PhD; Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesviruses Laboratory Branch Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA