Maria Célia Nunes Coelho

Extrativismo do Ouro no Século XXI. Exemplos no Sudoeste da Amazônia Brasileira

In this article we discuss the trend of extinction of the traditional small scale gold mining (informal or illegal) in the Brazilian Amazon. In the case of southwestern Amazon, public policies adopted, which include stimulating cooperativism, did not contribute to the solution the problem of small scale mining informality and illegality.

Peru-Bolívia-Brasil: O “Vaivém” do Garimpo e da Ideia de Região Transfronteiriça

O presente trabalho analisa a pequena mineracao informal e ilegal de ouro (pequenos em volume de producao, em venda e em aporte de capital) na contradicao com os ordenamentos espaciais e as acoes regulatorias relacionadas a criacao de areas ambientalmente protegidas, a demarcacao de terras indigena, a expansao capitalista e a delimitacao de reservas garimpeiros na Amazonia Ocidental. Os arranjos espaciais, acompanhados de novas regras e instrumentos institucionais, e a implementacao de recentes projetos de infraestruturas - estradas, pontes, hidreletricas e portos – nas tradicionais areas de mineracao de ouro tendem a estar associados a projetos geopoliticos internacionais ou geoeconomicos estrategicos de construcao de “novas” regioes produtivas e de corredores de exportacao, que acabam excluindo a pequena mineracao aurifera. Neste artigo, a regiao da triplice fronteira entre Peru, Bolivia e Brasil, area tradicional de extracao garimpeira ao longo do rio Madeira, Beni e Madre de Dios desde a decada de 1980, constituira o nosso estudo empirico. Palavras-chave: Escala; Garimpeiros; Fronteira de Recursos; Cadeia da Commodity; Triplice Fronteira. Abstract This paper is about the gold mining subgroups, mainly concerning to informal sectors from our economy. Both people who are involved in gold mining and also institutions related to gold digging activity contribute in various ways for defining and shaping the space and the regulatory arrangements connected to diggings activities. Some examples of these relation would be the creation of protected areas, delimitation of indigenous lands and forest reserves, the delimitation of mining activity aisles, and the mineral and environmental regulations as well. Those spatial and regulatory arrangements, accompanied by new rules and institutional forms, and also the implementation of recent infrastructure projects on traditional mining areas (such as abodes, hydroelectric places and harbors) are commonly associated with a strategical geopolitical project for the establishment of a “new” triple frontier border region constituted by Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. Key words: Scale ; Mining ; Resource region; Commodity chain; Triple Frontier Peru-Bolivia-Brazil. Resumen El presente trabajo hace respecto a los subgrupos de mineria aurifera, em particular a los sectores informales de la economia. Los actores y instituciones insertados en la economia aurifera han contribuido com varias formas para formar los arreglos espaciales y normativos conexos a la atividad extractiva como la creacion de areas protegidas, demarcacion de las tierras indigenas, delimitacion de areas ou corredores de mineria de oro y las leyes ambientales y minerales. Los arreglos espaciales, com sus nuevas reglas y formas institucionales, y la implementacion de nuevos proyectos infaestructurales – carreteras, centrales hidroeletricas y puertos – en las tradicionales areas de escavacion de oro tiende a estar asociadas a um proyecto geopolitico de construcion de una nueva region en la triple frontera (Peru, Bolivia y Brasil). Palabras claves: Escala; escavacion de oro; region de Recursos; Cadena de Commodity; Triple Frontera Peru-Bolivia-Brasil

TÃO PERTO E TÃO LONGE: IDENTIFICANDO E INTERPRETANDO REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DO MARAJÓ E DE BELÉM, INFLUENCIADAS PELAS POSIÇÕES LOCACIONAIS E SOCIAIS DOS PERSONAGENS DE DALCÍDIO JURANDIR

Neste artigo analisamos as representacoes sociais dos interiores - rurais e das cidades e apontamos por identifi - car e analisar as relacoes entre as idealizacoes sociais do Marajo oriental, polarizado por vila/cidade de Cachoeira, e da relativamente distante cidadecapital do estado do Para (parte da antiga provincia do Grao Para), Belem. Tais representacoes mentais eram, de certa forma infl uenciadas pelas posicoes sociais, pelas localizacoes geografi cas (no interior ou na capital) dos individuos representados e pelas pretensoes de ascensao social dos personagens criados ou recriados nos romances de Dalcidio Jurandir (1909-1979). Nas obras por nos analisadas- Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira (1941), Tres Casas e um Rio (1958) e Belem do Grao Para (1960) - Jurandir retratou o periodo das primeiras decadas do seculo XX, pos-boom da economia da borracha, portanto, de relativa decadencia que transformou os modos de vida (habitos e costumes) de seus personagens emblematicos, habitantes, principalmente, da cidade de Belem, anteriormente embelezada no contexto da Belle-Epoque, sob a lideranca do intendente municipal, depois Senador Antonio Lemos. A discussao das relacoes entre historia, literatura, sociologia e geografia rural estao presentes, com enfase dada ao debate sobre as nocoes de ruralidade e urbanidade, ambas vistas como modos de vida ou ideais de vida. Em suma, discutimos as interpretacoes de signifi cados/leituras da realidade social infl uenciadas pelas circunstâncias historicas e geograficas, bem como, pelo estado de espirito e ambicoes individuais e coletivas dos seus personagens. Palavras-chave: Representacoes Sociais,Marajo, Belem. This paper examines social representations ofthe countryside – rural and urban – identifying and analyzing the relations between social idealizations of Eastern Marajo, mainly in the village/city of Cachoeira, and the relatively distant capital city of the State of Para (part of the old province of Grao Para), Belem. These mental representations, in a way, suffered the infl uence of the social positions, the geographic locations (in the countryside and in the capital) of the represented individuals, and the social climbing intentions of the characters created or recreated in the novels of Dalcidio Jurandir (1909-1979). In the works analyzed herein - Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira (1941), Tres Casas e um Rio (1958), and Belem do Grao Para (1960) - Jurandir depicted the fi rst decades of the 20th century, after the rubber boom economic cycle. This period was of relative decadence, and transformed the life style (habits and usages) of his emblematic characters and inhabitants, mainly of the city of Belem, a city which had been previously embellished in the context of the BelleEpoque, under the leadership of Antonio Lemos, the city mayor and afterwards Senator. Discussions about the relations between history, literature, sociology, and rural geography are present in the novel, stressing the notions of rurality and urbanity, both seen as a life style or life ideal. In short, this paper discusses the interpretations of meanings/readings of social reality under the infl uence of historical and geographical circumstances, as well as the state of mind, and individual and collective ambitions of the characters. Key Words: Social Representations, Marajo, Belem.

Mineração e entropia: notas sobre interação com processos de desenvolvimento

This article presents theoretical and methodological assumptions that are relevant for the interpretation of the interactions between mining and regional development. It refutes the hypothesis of market mechanisms driving away the irreversibility of entropic processes, defended by the natural resources economy of neoclassical inspiration. The notion that the entropic degradation, from a social point of view, is inexorably negative – as proposed by the ecologic economy – is also refuted. Approaches of interpretation of the capitalist society as a system far away from balance are indicated as analytical alternatives. The author proposes that social repercussions of entropic degradation resulting from mining activities are connected to the interaction model between technical competence, historical, social, cultural and political features, and natural specialties and potentialities of a given social formation.