Maria Cristina de Oliveira

Teor de matéria seca, pH e amônia volatilizada da cama de frango tratada ou não com diferentes aditivos

The aim of this experiment was to determine the dry matter content, pH and the volatilized ammonia from the poultry litter treated or not with different additives. Four hundred and forty birds were used, in randomized block design, with five treatments (1 - new litter; 2 - reused litter (RL); 3 - RL treated with aluminum sulfate; 4 - RL treated with gypsum and 5 - RL treated with hydrated lime) and four replicates. The samples of the litter were collected when the birds were 42 days old. There was no influence of the additives on the dry matter results. However, the gypsum reduced the pH value (6.97) and the quantity of volatilized ammonia (11.29 mg/kg) from the poultry litter. It was concluded that the gypsum can be added to the poultry litter, promoting a reduction in the pH value and in the losses of nitrogen by ammonia volatilization.

Efeito de condicionadores químicos sobre a qualidade da cama de frango

Avaliou-se a qualidade quimica da cama de frango submetida, por tres lotes consecutivos de criacao, a diferentes condicionadores quimicos. Foram utilizadas 1320 aves, 440 por lote, em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (Trat. 1 - cama sem tratamento; Trat. 2 - cama tratada com sulfato de aluminio; Trat. 3 - cama tratada com gesso agricola; Trat. 4 - cama tratada com superfosfato simples e Trat. 5 - cama tratada com cal hidratada) e quatro repeticoes. As amostras de cama foram coletadas no 42o dia de utilizacao. Nao houve influencia dos condicionadores (P>0,05) sobre a materia seca. O sulfato de aluminio reduziu (P<0,002) o valor de pH (7,42; 7,07 e 6,00, respectivamente no primeiro, segundo e terceiro lotes) e reduziu (P<0,05) a quantidade de amonia volatilizada (3,14; 1,36 e 1,79mg/100g, respectivamente no primeiro, segundo e terceiro lotes), quando comparado aos outros tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o sulfato de aluminio pode ser adicionado a cama de frango para manter o pH baixo e inibir a volatilizacao da amonia.

Performance and morphology of intestinal mucosa of broilers fed mannan-oligosaccharides and enzymes

The performance and the morphology of intestinal mucosa of broilers fed mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and enzymes (E) from one to 21-day-old were evaluated using 750 one-day-old chicks, assigned to a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial design - two levels of MOS (0 and 0.1%), two levels of E (0 and 0.05%) plus an antibiotic positive control diet - performing five treatments of five replications each one. MOS x E interaction was significant for both duodenal (P<0.002 and P<0.002) and ileal (P<0.04 and P<0.05) perimeters and heights of villi, being the values lower in the mucosa of birds fed non-supplemented diets. MOS based-diet determined an increase on perimeter of jejunal villi (P<0.05). Compared with antibiotic treatment group, villi perimeter (P<0.02) and height (P<0.005), and crypt depth (P<0.02) of duodenum of broiler fed MOS were higher. Broilers fed MOS and/or E did not perform better, but higher villi perimeter and height were observed in the intestinal mucosa of those birds.

Avaliação de probióticos na dieta de frangos de corte criados em cama nova ou reutilizada

Three experiments were conduced with the purpose of evaluating the effect of the addition of probiotics in the diet of broilers on the characteristics of reused litter and lesions of chest, knee and feet. Eight hundred male chicks, one day old, from Ross Commercial Breeding, were utilized in each experiment. The animals were housed in 20 pens in a populational density of 10 birds/m2. The experimental design was completely randomized and the treatments were organized in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (new or reused litter x diet with or without probiotic). The probiotic used in the feed was composed by Bacillus subtilis and B. coagulans (2x109 and 1x107 UFC respectively). When the animals were 42 days old, four birds from each box were slaughtered for determinations of DM and N contents and for measurements of potential for ammonia volatilization and pH. The reused litter presented higher DM content, pH value and potential for ammonia volatilization, and lower N content. The probiotic used in the diet promoted a higher ammonia volatilization potential. The feet lesions were bigger in broilers raised on new litter. It was concluded that litter reused for two, three and four cycles caused less knee and feet lesions and that the use of probiotic in the diet did not promote any beneficial effect on the reused poultry litter.

Mananoligossacarídeos e complexo enzimático em dietas para frangos de corte

The effect of diets with mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) and enzymatic complex (EC) on performance, intestinal morphology and litter quality of 42-day-old broilers was evaluated. Seven hundred and fifty birds were used in a completely randomized design and 2 × 2 +1 factorial arrangement, with two MOS levels (0 and 0.1% from 1 to 21 days of age and 0.05% from 22 to 42 days of age), two EC levels (0 and 0.05%) and a diet with antibiotics (PC), totaling five treatments with five replicates. At 42 days of age, the performance was evaluated, and after slaughter, intestinal and litter samples were collected. MOS and/or EC inclusion did not affect the performance, perimeter and height of duodenal villi, crypt depth and villi density in duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and dry matter and total nitrogen content and pH of the litters. The MOS × EC interaction was significant to villi perimeter and height in jejunum, and birds submitted to diets without EC and with MOS showing higher values. The same behavior was observed to villi perimeter and height in ileum. However, when MOS and EC were added to diets, the values were lower for these variables. Ammonia volatilization increased in litter of broilers treated with antibiotics and decreased when MOS were added to diet. The inclusion of MOS and EC in the diets increased the villi perimeter and height in jejunum and ileum and decreased the ammonia volatilization of litters.

Utilização de nutrientes de dietas contendo mananoligossacarídeo e/ou complexo enzimático para frangos de corte

The ileal digestibility and retention of some nutrients and the energy content were evaluated in diets for broilers containing mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) and/or enzymatic complex (EC). Two hundred and seventy-five birds were used in a randomized complete block design, with factorial arrangement (2 x 2 + 1) of the treatments, with two MOS levels (0 and 0.1%), two EC levels (0 and 0.05%) and a positive control diet with antibiotics. Chromic oxide (0.5%) was added to the diets to estimate the indigestibility factor. The experiment started when the birds reached 13 days of age, the excreta collection was performed from the 20th to the 22nd day and the digesta collection at the 23rd day of age of the birds. The interaction MOS x EC was significant for CP and P retention and for apparent metabolizable energy (AME), whose values were higher in diets with MOS and EC. EC inclusion improved DM retention and there was an improvement on ileal digestibility coefficient of DM, CP, Ca and P, Ca retention, and digestible energy values due to MOS inclusion. Ileal digestibility coefficients of DM, and DM, CP, Ca and P retention, as well as AME values were higher in diets containing MOS and/or EC compared with the diets containing antibiotics.

Quality of poultry litter submitted to different treatments in five consecutive flocks

It was evaluated the effects of poultry litter treatment on moisture content, pH, density and volatilized ammonia for five consecutive flocks of broiler chicken breeding. It was used 640 birds per flock as a complete randomized design with eight treatments and four replicates. The treatments were the following: 1 non-treated litter; 2 litter submitted to in-house composting; 3 litter treated with aluminum sulfate; 4 litter submitted to gypsum; 5 litter treated with quicklime; 6 litter treated with dolomitic limestone; 7 litter treated with zeolite and 8 litter treated with charcoal. Chopped elephant-grass hay was used as poultry litter in all flocks. Fermentation in the shed increased moisture content of the litters in the second and first flocks on 21 and 42 days of breeding, respectively. There was no difference on density among treatments. Aluminum sulfate reduced pH of the litters in all flocks at 21 days of breding. On 42 days of breeding, pH of the litters was reduced in the litters with aluminum sulfate and gypsum in the first, second and forth flocks. On 21 days, aluminum sulfate reduced the volatilized ammonia in the first, third and forth flocks, and on 42 days, there was a reduction of volatilized ammonia in the litters with aluminum sulfate in the forth flock. Aluminum sulfate can improve quality of poultry litter of chopped elephant-grass hay by reducing pH and ammonia volatilization.

Effect of including liquid vinasse in the diet of rabbits on growth performance

The effects of liquid vinasse (LV) in the diet for growing rabbits on performance, carcass yield and intestinal morphometry were assessed. Eighty New Zealand white rabbits were used in a randomized block design with five treatments (LV inclusion at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg diet) and four replications. There was no effect of the treatment on final weight, daily weight gain, mortality rate and carcass yield characteristics. The daily intakes of feed, dry matter, crude protein and energy and feed conversion decreased linearly with increase in LV in the diet. Including LV affected the duodenum crypt depth and the ilium villus perimeter and height linearly and affected the duodenum villus perimeter, height and the absorption surfaces and ilium crypt depth and absorption surface quadratically. There was no effect of including LV on jejunum morphometry. Vinasse can be used to feed growing rabbits at up to 87.8 g per kilogram of diet.

Utilização de subprodutos de origem animal em dietas formuladas com base em proteína bruta e proteína ideal para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade

Foi conduzido um experimento para avaliar a utilizacao de subprodutos de origem animal em dietas para frangos de corte, formuladas com base na proteina bruta ou proteina ideal. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2+1, com duas fontes de proteina de origem animal (farinha de visceras de aves e farinha de sangue bovino), dois conceitos de formulacao (proteina bruta e proteina ideal) e uma dieta testemunha a base de milho e farelo de soja, com quatro repeticoes. As caracteristicas avaliadas foram ganho de peso, consumo de racao e conversao alimentar. Houve efeito significativo das interacoes entre fontes de proteina de origem animal e conceitos de formulacao para consumo de racao e ganho de peso. Quanto a conversao alimentar, nao houve diferenca significativa na interacao e os melhores valores de conversao alimentar foram encontrados quando se incorporou a farinha de visceras as dietas. Os melhores ganhos de peso foram obtidos com as dietas com farinha de sangue formuladas com base na proteina bruta e com farinha de visceras de aves com base na proteina ideal.

Effect of feed restriction on performance of growing rabbits

This experiment assessed the effect of feed restriction in rabbits on performance and economic viability of the activity. Sixty New Zealand White rabbits, weaned at 33 days and slaughtered at 81 days of age, were used. The design was of randomized blocks with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were, as follows: 1 - free feeding, 2 - feed restriction from 35 to 40 days of age (50 g/d/rabbit), 3 - feed restriction from 54 to 61 days of age (90 g/d/rabbit) and 4 - feed restriction from 33 to 40 days (50 g/d/rabbit) and from 54 to 61 days of age (90 g/d/rabbit). There was no difference in the performance and carcass parameters, indicating that there was compensatory growth in the rabbits that suffered feed restriction. The best gross margin was obtained with feed restriction from 54 to 61 days age. Feed restriction in growing rabbits can be adopted at different ages because it does not interfere negatively in the performance and carcass parameters. In two periods and from 51 to 61 days, feed restriction was more economically viable for the sale of live and slaughtered rabbits, respectively.