Maria Cristina Donadio Abduch

Cardiac Mechanics Evaluated by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography

Natural myocardial markers, or speckles, originated from constructive and destructive interference of ultrasound in the tissues may provide early diagnosis of myocardial changes and be used in the prediction of some cardiac events. Due to its relatively temporal stability, speckles can be tracked by dedicated software along the cardiac cycle, enabling the analysis of the systolic and diastolic function. They are identified by either conventional 2D grey scale and by 3D echo, conferring independence of the insonation angle, thus allowing assessment of cardiac mechanics in the three spatial planes: longitudinal, circumferential, and radial. The purposes of the present paper are: to discuss the role and the meaning of cardiac strain obtained by speckle tracking during the evaluation of cardiac physiology and to discuss clinical applications of this novel echocardiographic technology.

Bandagem ajustável do tronco pulmonar: comparação de dois métodos de hipertrofia aguda do ventrículo subpulmonar

OBJECTIVE: This study compares ventricular hypertrophy induced by continuous versus intermittent systolic overload of the pulmonary ventricle (RV) of young goats. METHODS: Three groups of seven goats were used (control, continuous, and intermittent). Systolic overload was maintained for 96 hours in the continuous group, while the intermittent group suffered four 12-hour periods of systolic overload, alternating with 12-hour resting periods. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluations were performed every day. The animals were then killed for myocardial water content and weight evaluation. RESULTS: Both study groups achieved significant increases in RV mass (p<0.05). However, significant increases of the septum mass were observed only in the Intermittent Group (p<0.05). A greater increase in the RV wall thickness was observed in the Intermittent Group (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in RV diastolic volume between the two groups (p= 0.01), with a greater RV dilation in the Continuous Group after 24 hours of continuous overload (p< 0.03). In both groups, the RV ejection fraction was maintained within the normal range throughout the protocol. A smaller RV perimeter was observed in the Intermittent Group after 96 hours of systolic overload (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in RV myocardial water content between the study groups and the Control Group. CONCLUSIONS: Adjustable pulmonary artery bandages permit rapid RV hypertrophy in both groups. Nevertheless, it is more efficient in the Intermittent Group. This study suggests that preparation of the pulmonary ventricle with intermittent systolic overload might provide better results for the 2-stage arterial switch operation.

Evidence For Myocardial Defects Under Extreme Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution With Hydroxyethyl Starch And Lactated Ringer's Solution

Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) has been proposed to avoid the risks of allogenic transfusion. In reference to its cellular effects, ANH reports in the literature are scarce. Using electron microscopy (EM), we evaluated the effects of ANH on cardiac function and myocardial structure. Twenty-five dogs were prospectively randomized to a control group (n = 5) or to undergo ANH with 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES; n = 10) or lactated Ringers solution (LR; n = 10) administered, respectively, at a ratio of 1:1 or 1:3 to the volume of blood removed. Animals were gradually hemodiluted to a hematocrit of 10%, which was accomplished in 80 min. Pulmonary artery catheter and echocardiography were used to evaluate cardiac function. Myocardial samples were taken after the last time point for electron microscopy analysis. Data were obtained during five different stages of ANH, with a mean 20-min interval between each time point. Cardiac index increased significantly in both groups during ANH. A significant decrease in oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption, as well as an increase in oxygen extraction was verified in the LR group. Echocardiography demonstrated a decline in systolic function in the LR group at the end of the experiment. Electron microscopy analysis of the myocardium revealed slight lesions in cardiac cells in the HES group, and moderate-to-significant lesions in the LR group. In this animal species, ANH with HES resulted in better preservation of cardiac function, which was demonstrated by maintenance of systolic function and oxygenation parameters. Minor loss of cellular integrity with HES, in the presence of very low levels of hemoglobin, reinforces these findings.

Reversible pulmonary trunk banding. VI: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in rapid ventricular hypertrophy in young goats

OBJECTIVE Increased myocardial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity occurs in heart failure. This study compared G6PD activity in 2 protocols of right ventricle (RV) systolic overload in young goats. METHODS Twenty-seven goats were separated into 3 groups: sham (no overload), continuous (continuous systolic overload), and intermittent (four 12-hour periods of systolic overload paired with a 12-hour resting period). During a 96-hour protocol, systolic overload was adjusted to achieve a 0.7 RV/aortic pressure ratio. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluations were performed before and after systolic overload every day postoperatively. After the study period, the animals were humanely killed for morphologic and G6PD tissue activity assessment. RESULTS A 92.1% and 46.5% increase occurred in RV and septal mass, respectively, in the intermittent group compared with the sham group; continuous systolic overload resulted in a 37.2% increase in septal mass. A worsening RV myocardial performance index occurred in the continuous group at 72 hours and 96 hours, compared with the sham (P < .039) and intermittent groups at the end of the protocol (P < .001). Compared with the sham group, RV G6PD activity was elevated 130.1% in the continuous group (P = .012) and 39.8% in the intermittent group (P = .764). CONCLUSIONS Continuous systolic overload for ventricle retraining causes RV dysfunction and upregulation of myocardial G6PD activity, which can elevate levels of free radicals by NADPH oxidase, an important mechanism in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Intermittent systolic overload promotes a more efficient RV hypertrophy, with better preservation of myocardial performance and and less exposure to hypertrophic triggers.

Modelo experimental de bandagem ajustável do tronco pulmonar para preparo rápido do ventrículo

OBJECTIVE: A device for pulmonary trunk (PT) banding with percutaneous adjustment was developed with the aim of inducing rapid hypertrophy of the subpulmonary ventricle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It consists of a silicon cuff occluder which holds the pulmonary trunk; an extension tube that connects the cuff to an auto-sealing silicon button, in which water is injected percutaneously to inflate the cuff and adjust the systolic load to the subpulmonary ventricle. The hearts of seven young goats (average wt.: 8.7 kg) were submitted to systolic overload imposed by the device and assessed under hemodynamic, echocardiographic and morphologic aspects. Baseline myocardial samples of the right ventricular outflow tract were harvested for microscopic analysis (perimeter and area of the myocyte). The device was then placed on the PT. The pressures in the right ventricle (RV), PT and aorta were monitored. After convalescence, the protocol of insufflation of the banding device was initiated in order to achieve a RV systolic pressure 70% of the left ventricle systolic pressure. The hemodynamic and echocardiographic evaluations were performed every 24 hours. The RV systolic overload was maintained through a 96 hours period, with gradual insufflations of the cuff every 24 hours, according to the tolerance of the animal to the pressure load. After this period, the animals were killed for morphologic evaluation of the heart. Another nine goats (average wt.: 7.7 kg) were used as control group to compare the ventricle muscle weight. RESULTS: After 96 hours of RV systolic overload, it was observed an increase in systolic gradient RV/PT, from 10.1±4.3 mmHg to 60,0±11,0 mmHg and in the RV systolic pressure, from 22.4±4.1 mmHg to 71.0±10.0 mmHg (p<0.0001). Serial echocardiography showed an increase of the RV thickness, from 4.4±0.5 mm to 7.3±1.7 mm (p=0.001). Regarding RV weight, there was a 74% increase in the RV submitted to the systolic overload, when compared to the control group (p<0.0001). Under optic microscopy, a 27% increase in perimeter and 69% increase in area of the myocytes were observed (p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The device considered in this work is effective and easily adjustable percutaneously, suggesting that the prepare of the subpulmonary ventricle could probably be accomplished in a 96 hour period of systolic overload. Improvements in the adjustment of the PT banding may allow better results of the two-stage Jatene operation in patients with transposition of the great arteries.

Bandagem reversível do tronco pulmonar IV: análise da hipertrofia aguda do ventrículo direito em modelo experimental de sobrecarga intermitente

AbstractObjectives: Adjustable pulmonary trunk (PT) bandingdevice may induce a more physiologic ventricle retrainingfor the two-stage Jatene operation. This experimental studyevaluates the acute hypertrophy (96 hours) of the rightventricle (RV) submitted to an intermittent pressureoverload. Methods: Five groups of seven young goats were distributedaccording to RV intermittent systolic overload duration (0,24, 48, 72 and 96 hours). The zero-hour group served as acontrol group. Echocardiographic and hemodynamicevaluations were performed daily. After completing thetraining program for each group, the animals were sacrificedfor water content and cardiac masses evaluation. Results: There was a significant increase in RV free wallthickness starting with the 48-hour group (p<0.05). However,a decreased RV ejection fraction, associated with animportant RV dilation and a significant increase in the RVvolume to mass ratio was observed at 24-hour training period,when compared to 96-hour period (p=0.003), with subsequentrecovery throughout the protocol. A 104.7% increase in RVmass was observed in the 96-hour group, as compared to thecontrol group, with no differences in water content betweenthese two groups. The daily mean increase in RV mass duringthe study period was 21.6% ± 26.8%. The rate of RV massacquisition for the overall study period of intermittentsystolic overload was 0.084 g/h ± 0.035 g/h. Conclusion: Intermittent PT banding has allowed asignificant RV mass acquisition in the 96-hour trained group.No myocardial water content changes were observed in thisgroup, suggesting an increased myocardial protein synthesis.Descriptors: Heart ventricles/physiopathology. Hypertrophy/physiopathology. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Transpositionof great vessels/surgery. Cardiac surgical procedures/methods.Goats.

Intermittent systolic overload promotes better myocardial performance in adult animals

FUNDAMENTO: A transposicao corrigida das grandes arterias frequentemente evolui com disfuncao ventricular direita. O preparo ventricular para a correcao anatomica em pacientes adultos apresenta resultados desapontadores. OBJETIVO: Analisar a hipertrofia do ventriculo direito (VD) induzida por dois tipos de bandagem pulmonar (BP), convencional e intermitente em animais adultos. METODOS: Dezenove cabras adultas foram divididas em tres grupos: Convencional (seis animais), Intermitente (seis animais) e Controle (sete animais). O grupo Convencional foi submetido a BP fixa com fita cardiaca, enquanto no grupo Intermitente foi usado dispositivo de BP ajustavel, que gerava sobrecarga sistolica por 12 horas, alternada com 12 horas de descanso do VD. As pressoes de VD, tronco pulmonar e aorta foram medidas durante todo o estudo. Ecocardiograma foi realizado semanalmente. Apos quatro semanas, os animais foram eutanasiados para avaliacao morfologica dos ventriculos. O grupo Controle foi submetido a eutanasia para analise em condicoes basais. RESULTADOS: A sobrecarga pressorica foi menor no grupo Intermitente (p=0,001), comparada ao grupo Convencional. Houve aumento na espessura do VD do grupo Intermitente, medida pelo ecocardiograma, comparado ao seu momento basal (p<0,05). O indice de performance miocardica do VD foi melhor no grupo Intermitente (p=0,024), comparado ao Convencional. Os grupos estimulados apresentaram aumento da massa muscular em comparacao ao grupo Controle (p=0,001). Nao houve diferenca no conteudo de agua miocardica. CONCLUSAO: A BP intermitente desenvolveu hipertrofia de melhor desempenho funcional, sugerindo este protocolo como metodo preferencial de preparo ventricular.BACKGROUND Corrected transposition of great arteries often evolves with right ventricular dysfunction. The ventricular preparation for anatomic correction in adult patients has produced disappointing results. OBJECTIVE To assess right ventricular hypertrophy (RV) induced by conventional and intermittent pulmonary banding (PB) in adult animals. METHODS Nineteen adult goats were divided into three groups: conventional (six animals), intermittent (six animals) and control (seven animals). The Conventional group underwent fixed PB with cardiac tape, while the intermittent group received PB adjustable device, which generated systolic overload for 12 hours, alternated with 12 hours of rest of RV. The pressures of the RV, pulmonary artery and aorta were measured throughout the study. Echocardiography was performed weekly. After four weeks, the animals were euthanized for morphological evaluation of the ventricles. The Control group was put to euthanasia for analysis at baseline. RESULTS Pressure overload was lower in the intermittent group (p = 0.001), compared to the conventional group. There was an increase in the thickness of the RV of the Intermittent group measured by echocardiography compared to their baseline values (p < 0.05). The myocardial performance index in the RV group was better in the Intermittent group (p = 0.024), compared to the Conventional group. The groups stimulated showed increased muscle mass compared to the Control group (p = 0.001). There was no difference in myocardial water content. CONCLUSION The intermittent BP developed hypertrophy of better performance, suggesting this protocol as the preferred method of ventricular preparation.

Assessment of a New Experimental Model of Isolated Right Ventricular Failure

We assessed a new experimental model of isolated right ventricular (RV) failure, achieved by means of intramyocardial injection of ethanol. RV dysfunction was induced in 13 mongrel dogs via multiple injections of 96% ethanol (total dose 1 mL/kg), all over the inlet and trabecular RV free walls. Hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were evaluated at baseline, after ethanol injection, and on the 14th postoperative day (POD). Echocardiographic parameters were evaluated at baseline, on the sixth POD, and on the 13th POD. The animals were then euthanized for histopathological analysis of the hearts. There was a 15.4% mortality rate. We noticed a decrease in pulmonary blood flow right after RV failure (P = 0.0018), as well as during reoperation on the 14th POD (P = 0.002). The induced RV dysfunction caused an increase in venous lactate levels immediately after ethanol injection and on the 14th POD (P < 0.0003). The echocardiogram revealed a decrease in the RV ejection fraction on the sixth and 13th PODs (P = 0.0001). There was an increased RV end-diastolic volume on the sixth (P = 0.0001) and 13th PODs (P = 0.0084). The right ventricle showed a 74% +/- 0.06% transmural infarction area, with necrotic lesions aged 14 days. Intramyocardial ethanol injection has allowed the creation of a reproducible and inexpensive model of RV failure. The hemodynamic, metabolic, and echocardiographic parameters assessed at different protocol times are compatible with severe RV failure. This model may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of isolated right-sided heart failure, as well as in the assessment of ventricular assist devices.

Prognostic value of coronary and microvascular flow reserve in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND Coronary and microvascular blood flow reserve have been established as important predictors of prognosis in patients with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess the value of coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) and real-time myocardial perfusion echocardiography (RTMPE) for predicting events in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS One hundred ninety-five patients (mean age 54 ± 12 years; 66% men) with dilated cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% and no obstructive coronary disease on invasive angiography or multidetector computed tomography) who underwent dipyridamole stress (0.84 mg/kg over 10 min) RTMPE were prospectively studied. CFVR was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to baseline peak diastolic velocities in the distal left anterior coronary artery. The replenishment velocity (β), plateau of acoustic intensity (A(N)), and myocardial blood flow reserve were obtained from RTMPE. RESULTS Mean CFVR was 2.07 ± 0.52, mean A(N) reserve was 1.05 ± 0.09, mean β reserve was 2.05 ± 0.39, and mean myocardial blood flow reserve (A(N) × β) was 2.15 ± 0.48. During a median follow-up period of 29 months, 45 patients had events (43 deaths and two urgent transplantations). Independent predictors of events were left atrial diameter (relative risk, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.26; P < .001) and β reserve ≤ 2.0 (relative risk, 3.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-8.79; P < .001). After adjustment for β reserve, CFVR and myocardial blood flow reserve no longer had predictive value. Left atrial diameter added prognostic value over clinical factors and left ventricular ejection fraction (χ2 = 36.8-58.5, P < .001). Beta reserve added additional power to the model (χ2 = 70.2, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Increased left atrial diameter and depressed β reserve were independent predictors of cardiac death and transplantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Beta reserve by RTMPE provided incremental predictive value beyond that provided by current known prognostic clinical and echocardiographic factors.

The echocardiography in the cardiovascular laboratory: a guide to research with animals.

The feasibility and potential for the morphological and hemodynamic investigation of the heart has been increasing the use of the echocardiography in the research setting. Additionally, the development of new technologies, like the real time 3D echocardiography and speckle tracking, demands validation throughout experimental studies before being instituted in the clinical setting. This paper aims to provide information concerning the particularities of the echocardiographic examination in quadruped mammals, targeting the experimental research.