María Elena Díaz Sánchez

Estilos de vida. sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes de enseñanza media de La Habana

Introduction: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity is a health problem in Cuba, and there is a lack of information on adolescents. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between excessive weight and adiposity with physical activity, hours of television (TV), and eating habits in adolescents. Material and methods: A total of 604 adolescents (12 years) from Havana were studied. The variables analysed included, body mass index, body composition, history of obesity in infancy, physical activity, hours watching television, eating habits and dietary preferences. A descriptive and correlation analysis was performed. In the logistic regression analysis, excess weight and adiposity were used as dependent variables. Results: Excess body weight was more common in boys. There was high prevalence of excess adiposity, 49.8% in girls and 37.8% in boys. The boys (61.7%) were more active than the girls (33.6%). Just under half (46.7%) of the boys, and 55.9% of the girls spent more than 2 hours/day watching television, which increased to more than 75% for both sexes on Saturdays and Sunday. Making less than 5-6 meals/day doubled the risk of being overweight. Body overweight in infancy was also a risk factor. Not having breakfast increased the risk of adiposity by almost double. Conclusions: Excess weight, and particularly excess adiposity, may be considered a health problem in the adolescents studied. A very high consumption of sugar, an excessive time watching TV, and insufficient physical activity was observed.

Análise cineantropométrica da volumetria e composição percentual muscular dos segmentos apendiculares de bailarinos de elite de Cuba

INTRODUCAO E OBJETIVO: Um bailarino de bale com grande potencialidade de eficiencia de movimento tecnico transitivo deve mostrar porcentagens de areas musculares dos segmentos apendiculares em uma volumetria espacial que nao o qualifique como feio na sua figura. O proposito desta investigacao e comparar a volumetria e composicao percentual muscular dos segmentos corporais dos dancarinos de elite de bale com relacao a danca moderna e folclorica. METODOS: Realizou-se um estudo antropometrico dos melhores dancarinos cubanos das companhias Bale Nacional de Cuba (BCN), Danca Nacional (DN) e Conjunto Folclorico Nacional (CFN). Seguindo o criterio de selecao dos professores, quanto a figura e o desempenho tecnico artistico, mediram-se os melhores dancarinos de cada companhia, com idades entre 18 e 40 anos. Aplicou-se um protocolo antropometrico de 10 medicoes. Utilizaram-se as equacoes do modelo geometrico de calculo das areas transversais totais e musculares dos segmentos apendiculares para estimar a volumetria e composicao muscular. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSAO: A expressao quantitativa das areas totais por segmentos - em suas multiplas relacoes de similitude e diferenca - ratificaram os enunciados empiricos que referem um criterio diferencial de beleza cenica corporal para os bailarinos de ambos sexos do BNC, em relacao aos de DN e CFN. Os dados demonstraram que a linearidade morfologica de um bailarino de elite e independente da expressao de uma potencialidade menor - exceto para a dancarina do CFN - de eficiencia do movimento tecnico transitivo.

Estudio de los tamaños absolutos de bailarines profesionales de elite de ballet

Resumen Las diferencias o similitudes referidas a los tamanos absolutos de un grupo de bailarines de ballet frente a bailarines de danza moderna y folclorica son indicadores de variabilidad o de la homogeneidad corporal y de la expresion del volumen espacial que ocupa un grupo de danzantes. Este trabajo se propuso analizar las similitudes y las diferencias cineantropometricas de los tamanos absolutos entre los bailarines profesionales de elite de ballet respecto a los de danza moderna y folclorica. Se estudiaron antropometricamente bailarines de las companias Ballet Nacional, Danza Nacional y Folclorico Nacional de Cuba. Siguiendo el criterio de seleccion de los maestros, en cuanto a figura y desempeno tecnico artistico, se midieron los mejores bailarines de cada compania, con edades entre 18 y 40 anos. Para determinar los tamanos absolutos se aplico un protocolo antropometrico de 16 mediciones. Se obtuvo una variabilidad de la estatura reducida en los bailarines de ballet de ambos sexos respecto a los de danza moderna y folclorica. La bailarina de ballet ocupo un espacio fisico menor que la bailarina de danza moderna y folclorica, en tanto que los varones de danza folclorica ocuparon un volumen mayor en el espacio fisico que los de ballet. Las diferencias cuantificadas entre los tres tipos de bailarines refieren una homogeneidad corporal mayor para los de ballet.

Carbon Nanotubes for Assessing the Structural Integrity of Composite Bonded Joints with Film Adhesives

This work analyses the capability of the application of self-sensing film adhesives for assessing the structural integrity of typical aeronautical bonded joints without altering its mechanical behavior. Tests have been carried out on carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) although the method has been also validated on aluminum substrates, showing that different types of strain and damage are detected depending on the characteristics of the joined materials. In both cases, the structural health monitoring of the bonded joints has been achieved. The developed technologies are based on the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNT) to the film adhesives in order to provide electrical conductivity to the different interfaces. The high conductivity and relative large aspect ratio of CNT result in percolation thresholds around 0.1% weight of carbon nanotubes in the adhesive. The CNT network formed in the adhesive offers significant potential to develop sensing for damage detection and health monitoring using direct-current measurements. Loads applied over the nanodoped adhesives produce damage (i.e. cracks, delaminations,…) appearance and/or damage progression in the material, that modifies the integrity of carbon networks and increases the electrical resistivity of the adhesive. Two different methods have been developed to deposit CNTs on film adhesives: innovative inkjet printing methods and mask methods. In both cases the CNTs used were stabilized in water solution to use a solvent that did not damage the behavior of the adhesive. Then, the CNT solution was incorporated in the nanoreinforcement with controlled geometries over the films, providing local and controlled sensitivity to the bonded joints and giving information of the location of the damages, their characteristics and their propagations in an accurate way. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/270