Maria Gisele dos Santos

Fatores de risco no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose na infância e adolescência

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of death in developed countries as well as in developing countries. In general, the clinical manifestations of CVD, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, are caused by an atherosclerotic process with onset as from the middle age. However, current studies indicate that the atherosclerotic process starts to develop in childhood. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been studied as to its inflammatory aspect. Among the inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been extensively studied in individuals with CVD, including those apparently healthy. High CRP levels have been related to risk factors for atherosclerosis: family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking and sedentary lifestyle. A great part of these risk factors may be influenced by lifestyle modifications, such as changes in eating habits and engagement in physical activities. The effects of physical activity on CRP levels in adulthood are documented in the literature, however little is known on the influence of an active or sedentary lifestyle of children and adolescents on CRP levels. Thus, the objective of this study is to review the impact of physical activity of children and adolescents on CRP levels and the risk factors for the development of CVD.

The role of aerobic exercise on endothelial function and on cardiovascular risk factors

Correspondencia: Jeffer Eidi sasaki • Rua Baltazar Carrasco dos Reis, 908 -80215-160 – Curitiba, PR E-mail: jeffersasaki@gmail.com Recebido em 25/10/05; revisado recebido em 20/03/06; aceito em 30/03/06. As doencas coronarianas, entre elas a aterosclerose, se tornaram a principal causa de morte na civilizacao moderna1,2. Esse problema e decorrente de muitos aspectos do estilo de vida moderno, entre eles alimentacao irregular, tabagismo, ingestao de bebidas alcoolicas em excesso, estresse cotidiano, e principalmente o sedentarismo.

MMP‐1 promoter polymorphism is associated with primary tendinopathy of the posterior tibial tendon

Posterior tibial tendon (PTT) dysfunction is recognized as an etiology leading to acquired flatfoot in adults, causing significant functional loss. Many risk factors and systemic conditions have been proposed in literature. However, many patients present PTT dysfunction without any of these characteristics. This suggests that there could be a genetic influence associated with posterior tibial tendinopathy. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the association of the −1607 polymorphism in the promoter gene of MMP‐1 and posterior tibial tendinopathy. The test group included 50 women, who presented PTT dysfunction grade 2 or 3, and who were submitted to surgical treatment, with histopathological examination of the tendon and magnetic resonance image (MRI) confirming tendinopathy, while the control group was 100 asymptomatic women who presented intact PTT at MRI. The results were analyzed using the chi‐square test. The data showed a 75% incidence of the allele 1G and 62% of the genotype 1G/1G at the control group while, at the test group, they showed a 78% incidence of the allele 2G and 72% of the genotype 2G/2G (p < 0.001). The −1607 polymorphism of promoter gene of MMP‐1 is associated with the posterior tibial tendinopathy in the studied population.

Influência da adiposidade global e da adiposidade abdominal nos níveis de proteína C-reativa em mulheres idosas

OBJECTIVE To investigate how overall and abdominal adiposity, measured by waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and sum of skinfolds (sigmaSK), affect plasma C-reactive protein levels (CRP) in elderly women. METHODS Study sample consisted of 387 women older than 60 years (mean age 68.9; standard deviation 5.9 years). BMI, WC, sigmaSK, and CRP levels were all measured. One-way ANOVA was performed to detect differences in study variables among the CRP levels investigated. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influence of body fat measurements on CRP levels. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The analysis of variance showed that mean WC was lower in women with normal CRP levels, as compared to those with high CRP levels. Logistic regression analysis examined the influence of BMI, WC, and sigmaSK quartiles on CRP levels, yielding the following results: only WC was predictive of elevated CRP levels, its highest quartile (cut-off point of 94.0 cm) showing levels nearly two times higher than its lowest quartile (odds ratio = 2.23; 95% confidence interval = 1.92-4.18; p = 0.012). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that abdominal adiposity is a strong predictor of elevated CRP levels.

Biochemical Effects of Carbohydrate Supplementation in a Simulated Competition of Short Terrestrial Duathlon

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biochemical effects of carbohydrate supplementation in a simulated competition of short terrestrial duathlon. Ten duathletes participated in a simulated competition of short terrestrial duathlon 30 minutes after the ingestion of a 6% (30 g/500 ml) maltodextrin solution (MALT) or a placebo (PLA). This solution was also ingested every 15 minutes during the competition (12 g/200 ml); and immediately after the competition (18 g/300 ml). Samples of blood were collected at 3 time points: 1) at rest 1 hour before the beginning of the competition; 2) during the competition (approximately 1 hour and 45 minutes after the 1st collection); 3) immediately after the competition. Blood was analyzed for blood glucose, lactate, insulin and cortisol. Significant differences were observed in relation to blood glucose levels between MALT and PLA in the post-competition phase. There was also a significant difference in the lactate levels observed between MALT and PLA during the competition phase. Similarly, a significant difference in the cortisol concentrations during and after the competition phases (MALT and PLA) were observed. We conclude that maltodextrin supplementation appears to be beneficial during short terrestrial duathlon competition as evidenced by biochemical markers.

Association of MMP-8 polymorphisms with tendinopathy of the primary posterior tibial tendon: a pilot study

Tendon disorders are common and are treated on a daily basis in orthopedic foot and ankle practices. Some tendons are particularly vulnerable to primary degenerative changes, such as the patellar, Achilles, rotator cuff, biceps, posterior tibial, and fibular tendons.1 Significant advances in histopathology and research imaging techniques have contributed to an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of tendon degeneration.2 However, both mechanical factors and vascular and neurological disorders have limitations in explaining the etiology of many cases.1,3,4 It is known that intense physical activity may predispose an individual to tendinopathy, but some individuals have a predisposition with no clinically recognized cause. The literature suggests that individual characteristics, including genetic inheritance, may influence the likelihood of developing tendinopathy. Thus, there is a group of individuals with a genetic background that causes increased susceptibility to diseases of the tendon. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a pivotal family of zinc-dependent enzymes responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix components, including basement membrane collagen, interstitial collagen, fibronectin and various proteoglycans, during normal remodeling, repair processes, development and inflammation. MMPs are expressed in response to specific stimuli by resident connective tissue cells and by the major inflammatory cell types that invade tissues during remodeling events, including tendinopathy. MMP-8, or collagenase-2, was initially discovered in neutrophils, in which it was thought to be exclusively produced, but this enzyme was subsequently shown to be expressed by a variety of other cell types, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, gingival fibroblasts, keratinocytes, chondrocytes, odontoblasts5-10 and oral11 cancer cells. It has been suggested that MMP-8 degrades type I collagen, thereby contributing to tissue degradation and remodeling.12 MMP-8 is an important mediator of tissue destruction in several inflammatory diseases and is related to cardiovascular disease,9 bronchiectasis,13 pulmonary insufficiency,14 periodontitis,15-17 melanoma,18 cancer of the head and neck,19 and diabetic wound healing.20 The MMP-8 gene, located on chromosome 11, contains functional polymorphisms in the promoter region, including the substitution of a cytosine by a thymine at position -799 (rs11225395).21 Alterations in this gene have been associated with chronic dilatation of the bronchi13 and breast cancer.22 The discovery of genetic markers of tendinopathy risk could allow for the identification of susceptible individuals and, thus, early therapeutic interventions. MMPs play key roles in tissue destruction and may have important roles in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Therefore, we hypothesized that the -799C/T polymorphism in MMP-8 was associated with tendinopathy of the primary posterior tibial tendon and could be a risk factor for this condition.

Estrogen receptor polymorphism and its relationship to pathological process.

Estrogens are present in both men and women; they are usually present at significantly higher levels in women of reproductive age. They promote the development of female secondary sex characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle. In males, estrogen regulates certain functions of the reproductive system that are important to the maturation of sperm and may be necessary for a healthy libido. Furthermore, there are several other structural changes induced by estrogen and it influences diverse other functions such as reduces muscle mass, increases bone formation and hepatic production of binding protein, alters coagulation, lipid metabolism, salt and water retention, and function gastrointestinal tract and lung. The physiological effects of estrogen are principally

A commercially available energy drink does not improve peak power production on multiple 20-second Wingate tests

Background Energy drinks are often marketed to the consumer as a performance enhancing beverage. When performance benefits are realized, it is likely due to the caffeine content present in typical energy drinks. There have been few scientific studies investigating the effects of energy drink ingestion on anaerobic performance assessed by repeated 20-second Wingate tests. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of a caffeine-containing, commercially available energy drink on peak power produced during two, 20-second Wingate tests separated by 150 seconds.

A influência do exercício físico no perfil lipídico e na aptidão física em mulheres idosas

Objective: To value the influence of the level of physical activity in the lipid profiles, the levels of glucose in the blood stream, the body composition, the muscular and cardiovascular fitness aptitudes (VO²max), and the agility/equilibrium in elderly women Methods: In order to verify the interference of the level of physical exercises on the levels of lipid and glucose, on body composition and on physical aptitude, the independent Student test was used, after the normality Shapiro-Wilks test. Twenty-three women over 60 years old were evaluated in two groups, an active group and an inactive one, according to a classification by IPAQ. Results: Active women presented significantly higher values in the agility/equilibrium tests and middle age superior to that of the inactive group. Besides, the active group presented superior fatness mass, slim body mass, strength in inferior members, which were not, however, statistically significant. In the reverse form, the total cholesterol, triglycerids and they showed the blood glucose inferior in the active group, but also not statistically significant. You were varying the rest antropometricas, qualitative food profile, and too many tests of physical aptitude did not show differences between the groups.Conclusions: The conclusion is that adopting and keeping up an active lifestyle by means of physical activities, even in advanced age, has benefic effects in prolonging the independence of the elderly.

Short-term Creatine Supplementation Suppresses the Cortisol Response to a High-Intensity Swim-Sprint Workout

Introduction Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, is a catabolic hormone which is released in response to stress and during high-intensity exercise. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is ultimately controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Specifically, the secretion of cortisol is controlled almost entirely by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland [1]. The catabolic effects of cortisol result in a decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in rates of protein degradation [2]. Chronically elevated levels are associated with stressremodeling [2]. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of creatine ingestion on the metabolic hormone cortisol in male swimmers. Seventeen male swimmers (24.5 ± 3.9 years) with at least 5 years of competitive swimming experience and engaged in swimming training at least 4 times per week participated in the study. Subjects supplemented with creatine (20 g/day) + maltodextrin (1g/kg/day) or maltodextrin (1g/kg/day) only for 6 days prior to a progressive swim-sprint workout. The swim-sprint workout consisted of 8 progressive 100 meter freestyle sets starting at 65% of maximal intensity leading up to a 100% maximum capacity set on the eighth and final set. Cortisol was assessed immediately before and immediately after (within 5 minutes) the swim-sprint workout. After 6 days of creatine monohydrate supplementation, there was a significant reduction in cortisol concentrations following the progressive swim-sprint workout in the creatine + maltodextrin group (15.5 ± 0.99 μg/dL) as compared to the maltodextrin only group (18.33 ± 2.61 μg/dL). Based on these findings, it appears that creatine loading (20 grams per day for 6 days) significantly reduces the cortisol response to 100-meter freestyle swimming sets performed in a progressive intensity manner. Citation: Dobgenski V, Santos MGD, Campbell B, Kreider R (2014) Short-term creatine supplementation suppress the cortisol response to a high-intensity swim-sprint workout. J Nutr Health Sci 1(2): 204. doi: 10.15744/2393-9060.1.204