Maria Lúcia de Bustamante Simas

Contrast sensitivity to angular frequency stimuli is higher than that for sinewave gratings in the respective middle range

This study compares contrast thresholds for sinewave gratings, or spatial frequencies (1/CSF) with contrast thresholds for angular frequencies (1/aCSF) and for radial frequencies, or Jzero targets (1/rCSF). Observers had to differentiate between one of these frequency stimuli and a stimulus at mean luminance within a forced-choice procedure. All measurements were made with the same equipment, methods and subjects. Our results show higher sensitivity to, or lower thresholds for, angular frequencies when compared to either sinewave gratings or Jzero targets. Contrast values in arbitrary units, in the lower threshold range for angular frequencies, were about half those required to differentiate sinewave gratings from mean luminance in its most sensitive range.

Angular frequency filtering: A basis for pattern decomposition

Much insight has been gained into the nature of early vision by postulating that the system encodes patterns by means of channels, or filters, tuned to specific orientations and spatial frequencies. We argue that a different decomposition, in terms of radially and rotationally symmetrical filters, is equally plausible, both in terms of the geometry of the eye and the ecology of visual pattern recognition. We demonstrate experimentally some of the properties of angular frequency filtering.

Mesopic radial frequency contrast sensitivity function for young and older adults

The objective of the present study was to determine contrast sensitivity curves of concentric circular patterns with radial frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 cycles per degree in young and older adult volunteers. These parameters were also compared with sensitivity contrasts for sine-wave gratings. All participants had normal acuity vision and were free of identifiable ocular illness. Contrast sensitivity was measured in 6 young adults aged 19 to 23 years and 6 older adults aged 60 to 69 years using the psychophysical forced-choice method. In this paradigm the volunteers had to decide which of two stimuli contained the above radial frequencies at low contrast levels. The other neutral stimulus was gray with homogeneous luminance. We detected a decline in contrast sensitivity for older adults at all radial frequencies compared to young adults. Also, contrast sensitivity for sine-wave gratings at all measured frequencies was better, as predicted, for all young adults. Maximum sensitivities in the radial frequency contrast sensitivity function and contrast sensitivity function occurred at 0.25 and 0.5 cycles per degree, respectively, for both young and older adults. These results suggest age-related changes in the contrast sensitivity function for concentric symmetrical stimuli.

Função de Sensibilidade ao Contraste: Indicador da Percepção Visual da Forma e da Resolução Espacial

This work discusses the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) in three sections. The first describes some theoretical and experimental questions of the CSF related to basic and hard-working research. The second section discusses some elementary spatial stimuli used to characterize the CSF or the response of the human visual system. The third section shows some final considerations about CSF and spatial elementary stimuli. One of the goals of this paper is to discuss the CSF that together with visual acuity appear to form important indicators of the critical aspects of the visual perception of form and of the spatial resolution. The CSF normally is an estimate of the visibility of any pattern in function of the spatial frequency.

Comparison of angular frequency contrast sensitivity in young and older adults

The aim of the present study was to measure contrast sensitivity curves for angular frequencies in the range between 2 and 96 cycles/360 masculine in older human adult volunteers and to compare these measurements with the more usual contrast sensitivity functions for sine-wave gratings. All subjects were free of identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. We measured the contrast thresholds for young adults (N=6; age range, 20-26 years) and older adults (N=6; age range, 60-67 years) using the psychophysical forced-choice method. In this paradigm the volunteers had to choose the stimulus containing a test frequency at low contrast (e.g., either a sine-wave grating or an angular frequency stimulus), or another neutral stimulus at mean luminance (without any contrast). Older adults presented a loss in contrast sensitivity at high and medium angular frequencies compared to the young adults (i.e., from 8 to 96 cycles/360 degrees). Contrary to expectation, contrast sensitivity at low angular frequencies, i.e., 2 and 4 cycles/360 degrees, was better for the older group than for the younger group. On the other hand, contrast sensitivity for sine-wave gratings at 3 and 4 cpd was higher for young adults as expected. These results suggest age-related changes in the contrast sensitivity function for angular frequencies.

Narrow-band 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16 and 24 cycles/360º angular frequency filters

We measured human frequency response functions for seven angular frequency filters whose test frequencies were centered at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16 or 24 cycles/360o using a supra-threshold summation method. The seven functions of 17 experimental conditions each were measured nine times for five observers. For the arbitrarily selected filter phases, the maximum summation effect occurred at test frequency for filters at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 cycles/360o. For both 16 and 24 cycles/360o test frequencies, maximum summation occurred at the lower harmonics. These results allow us to conclude that there are narrow-band angular frequency filters operating somehow in the human visual system either through summation or inhibition of specific frequency ranges. Furthermore, as a general result, it appears that addition of higher angular frequencies to lower ones disturbs low angular frequency perception (i.e., 1, 2, 3 and 4 cycles/360o), whereas addition of lower harmonics to higher ones seems to improve detection of high angular frequency harmonics (i.e., 8, 16 and 24 cycles/360o). Finally, we discuss the possible involvement of coupled radial and angular frequency filters in face perception using an example where narrow-band low angular frequency filters could have a major role.

Percepção e Processamento Visual da Forma:Discutindo Modelos Teóricos Atuais

This work discusses some aspects about feature detectors and spatial frequency analysis models in five sections. The first section describes briefly historical aspects and the basic rationale idea of each model. The second section shows the neurophysiological and psychophysical evidences about spatial frequency selectivity. The third, the fourth and the fifth sections show controversial aspects about these models: spatial frequency versus feature detectors, global versus local filtering and nonlinear versus linear spatial processing, respectively. One of the goals of this paper is to discuss important aspects about perception and visual processing of form.

Contrast sensitivity to radial frequencies modulated by Jn and jn Bessel profiles

We measured human contrast sensitivity to radial frequencies modulated by cylindrical (Jo) and spherical (jo) Bessel profiles. We also measured responses to profiles of jo, j1, j2, j4, j8, and j16. Functions were measured three times by at least three of eight observers using a forced-choice method. The results conform to our expectations that sensitivity would be higher for cylindrical profiles. We also observed that contrast sensitivity is increased with the j n order for n greater than zero, having distinct orderly effects at the low and high frequency ends. For n = 0, 1, 2, and 4 sensitivity tended to occur around 0.8-1.0 cpd while for n = 8 and 16 it seemed to shift gradually to 0.8-3.0 cpd. We interpret these results as being consistent with the possibility that spatial frequency processing by the human visual system can be defined a priori in terms of polar coordinates and discuss its application to study face perception.

Processamento visual da forma em idosos: curvas de limiar de contraste para freqüências angulares e senoidais

The aim of this work was to measure contrast sensitivity curves for angular and spatial frequencies in the aged. We measured the contrast thresholds from young adults (20-26 years-old) and aged (60-67 years-old). All the participants had good visual acuity and were free from significant ocular pathology. The angular and spatial frequencies measured with a forced-choice psychophysic method were 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64 and 96 cycle/360o and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 9 cpd, respectively. The results showed a loss in contrast sensitivity for the aged at high and medium angular and spatial frequencies compared to the younger group. We still found that the contrast sensitivity of the aged group at low angular frequency is better than the younger group. These results are consistent with age-related changes in contrast sensitivity function.

Processamento visual da forma: evidências para canais múltiplos de freqüências angulares em humanos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e comparar curvas de resposta do sistema visual humano para filtros de frequencias a ngulares de 1e 4 ciclos/360o em coordenadas polares. Mensuramos 15 curvas para cada filtro com o paradigma de somacao de resposta de suprali miar ecom a participacao de 5 voluntarios adultos. Os resultados demonstraram somacoes maximas de limiar de contraste na frequencia d e teste dosfiltros angulares (1 e 4 ciclos/360