Maria Mernea

Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans: Structure-Function Relationship with Implication in Neural Development and Brain Disorders

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are extracellular matrix components that contain two structural parts with distinct functions: a protein core and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. CSPGs are known to be involved in important cell processes like cell adhesion and growth, receptor binding, or cell migration. It is recognized that the presence of CSPGs is critical in neuronal growth mechanisms including axon guidance following injury of nervous system components such as spinal cord and brain. CSPGs are upregulated in the central nervous system after injury and participate in the inhibition of axon regeneration mainly through their GAG side chains. Recently, it was shown that some CSPGs members like aggrecan, versican, and neurocan were strongly involved in brain disorders like bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia, and ADHD. In this paper, we present the chemical structure-biological functions relationship of CSPGs, both in health state and in genetic disorders, addressing methods represented by genome-wide and crystallographic data as well as molecular modeling and quantitative structure-activity relationship.

Chemical Structure-Biological Activity Models for Pharmacophores’ 3D-Interactions

Within medicinal chemistry nowadays, the so-called pharmaco-dynamics seeks for qualitative (for understanding) and quantitative (for predicting) mechanisms/models by which given chemical structure or series of congeners actively act on biological sites either by focused interaction/therapy or by diffuse/hazardous influence. To this aim, the present review exposes three of the fertile directions in approaching the biological activity by chemical structural causes: the special computing trace of the algebraic structure-activity relationship (SPECTRAL-SAR) offering the full analytical counterpart for multi-variate computational regression, the minimal topological difference (MTD) as the revived precursor for comparative molecular field analyses (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA); all of these methods and algorithms were presented, discussed and exemplified on relevant chemical medicinal systems as proton pump inhibitors belonging to the 4-indolyl,2-guanidinothiazole class of derivatives blocking the acid secretion from parietal cells in the stomach, the 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)-methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine congeners’ (HEPT ligands) antiviral activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus of first type (HIV-1) and new pharmacophores in treating severe genetic disorders (like depression and psychosis), respectively, all involving 3D pharmacophore interactions.

Protein association investigated by THz spectroscopy and molecular modeling

Macromolecular crowding is a common intracellular phenomenon that causes conformational changes of proteins and protein association. We investigated these macromolecular crowding effects on a highly concentrated BSA solution using THz spectroscopy and molecular modeling. We modeled several BSA 50% w/w solutions comprising two BSA molecules in a water box and selected a single model based on the agreement with THz experiments. We further modeled BSA association at concentrations higher than 50% w/w and selected a possible dimer model based on the strength of the interaction between the two proteins. The flexibility of the BSA dimer was compared with the flexibility of BSA from the solution. Monomeric BSA from the solution model presents mobile regions scattered through all the structure, with differences of disposition and extent between the two molecules. Dimerization changes BSA flexibility, as the two molecules from the dimer present compact regions of both high flexibility and low flexibility. The low flexibility regions include their interaction sites.

Pharmacological descriptors related to the binding of Gp120 to CD4 corresponding to 60 representative HIV-1 strains

The standardization of HIV-1 strains for vaccine tests include the use of viral reference panels. We determined a series of pharmacological descriptors (molecular surfaces, volumes, electrostatic energies, solvation energies, number of atoms, number of hydrogen donors or acceptors and number of rigid bonds) for the gp120 CD4-binding sites structures in the unliganded state from a reference panel of 60 diverse strains of HIV-1. We identified the descriptors that varied significantly between the strains, the outliner strains for each descriptor set and the possible correlations between the descriptors. Our results improve the knowledge about gp120, its molecular and possible neutralization properties.

The flexibility of hydrated bovine serum albumin investigated by THz spectroscopy and molecular modeling

The native cellular environment represents a crowded system comprising high concentrations of soluble molecules that interact mostly in a nonspecific manner. Some of the macromolecular crowding effects occurring in biological media are conformational changes and macromolecular associations. Most of our knowledge on protein folding and protein-protein interactions was acquired from experiments on proteins in dilute solutions or from theoretical models of isolated proteins in either explicit or implicit solvent. Here we present a 50% w/w bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution model that comprises two solute molecules included in a single water box. We determined the vibration spectrum of the 50% w/w BSA solution using THz spectroscopy and we calculated the theoretical THz spectrum. We observed a good correlation between the experimental and theoretical spectra for the frequency range of 0.3 - 1.5 THz. We also investigated the contribution of each BSA molecule to the solution THz spectrum by simulating THz spectra of the two BSA molecules from the solution model and water, each accounting for a 50% w/w BSA solution. The spectra appear to be similar. As the two molecules in our solution model have different conformations, we investigated the importance of the apparently insignificant differences between simulated THz spectra of the two proteins. We found that the differences should be considered significant, as they reflect differences between the flexibility of the two BSA molecules.

Structure–Biological Function Relationship Extended to Mitotic Arrest-Deficient 2-Like Protein Mad2 Native and Mutants-New Opportunity for Genetic Disorder Control

Overexpression of mitotic arrest-deficient proteins Mad1 and Mad2, two components of spindle assembly checkpoint, is a risk factor for chromosomal instability (CIN) and a trigger of many genetic disorders. Mad2 transition from inactive open (O-Mad2) to active closed (C-Mad2) conformations or Mad2 binding to specific partners (cell-division cycle protein 20 (Cdc20) or Mad1) were targets of previous pharmacogenomics studies. Here, Mad2 binding to Cdc20 and the interconversion rate from open to closed Mad2 were predicted and the molecular features with a critical contribution to these processes were determined by extending the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) method to large-size proteins such as Mad2. QSAR models were built based on available published data on 23 Mad2 mutants inducing CIN-related functional changes. The most relevant descriptors identified for predicting Mad2 native and mutants action mechanism and their involvement in genetic disorders are the steric (van der Waals area and solvent accessible area and their subdivided) and energetic van der Waals energy descriptors. The reliability of our QSAR models is indicated by significant values of statistical coefficients: Cross-validated correlation q2 (0.53–0.65) and fitted correlation r2 (0.82–0.90). Moreover, based on established QSAR equations, we rationally design and analyze nine de novo Mad2 mutants as possible promoters of CIN.

Evaluation of the Therapeutic Properties of Mastoparan- and Sifuvirtide- Derivative Antimicrobial Peptides Using Chemical Structure-Function Relationship - in vivo and in silico Approaches.

Antimicrobial peptides, also called body defense peptides, are chemical structures widely distributed across the animal and vegetal kingdoms that have a fundamental role as part of the immune system. These peptides are used against a wide range of pathogens, such as Gram-negative and - positive bacteria, fungi and viruses, etc. Their action spectrum makes them important for the pharmaceutical industry, as they could represent templates for the design of new and more potent structures by using drug design and drug delivery systems. Here we present the antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (expressed as minimal inhibitory concentration values) for 33 mastoparan analogs and their new derivatives by quantitative structure-activity relationship method (2D, aligned and also non-aligned 3D-QSAR). We establish the contribution to antimicrobial activity of molecular descriptors like hydrophobicity, hydrogen bond donor and steric hindrance, correlated with contributions from the membrane environment (sodium, potassium, chloride ions). Also the studies of HIV-1 fusion inhibitor sifuvirtide and its analogs are presented in context of interaction with lipid structures during fusion and delivery of these drugs.

Bovine Serum Albumin 3D Structure Determination by THz Spectroscopy and Molecular Modeling

The low frequency collective movements of proteins associated with biologically relevant conformational transitions are situated in the terahertz (THz) spectral region. THz spectroscopy experiments have revealed that each molecular species has a unique absorption pattern in THz domain. We used time-domain THz spectroscopy (TDS) to study the conformation and flexibility of bovine serum albumin (BSA), a protein whose 3D structure is unknown. We performed THz spectroscopy experiments on lyophilized BSA. Theoretical spectra were obtained by normal modes analysis performed on BSA structures generated by homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. The agreement between experimental and theoretical data allowed us to validate the model of BSA and also to gain insight into BSA vibrations in THz domain.

3D protein structure determination by THz spectroscopy and molecular modelling: case study on bovine serum albumin

THz spectroscopy is a very powerful tool in investigating the vibrational modes and conformational transitions of biomolecules. Here we have used THz spectroscopy to study the vibrational spectrum of bovine serum albumin, a protein whose 3D structure is yet unknown. Experimental data were fitted with theoretical spectra obtained by normal modes analysis of BSA structures generated by homology modeling.

Dynamic analysis of the interactions between Si/SiO 2 quantum dots and biomolecules for improving applications based on nano-bio interfaces

Due to their outstanding properties, quantum dots (QDs) received a growing interest in the biomedical field, but it is of major importance to investigate and to understand their interaction with the biomolecules. We examined the stability of silicon QDs and the time evolution of QDs – protein corona formation in various biological media (bovine serum albumin, cell culture medium without or supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum-FBS). Changes in the secondary structure of BSA were also investigated over time. Hydrodynamic size and zeta potential measurements showed an evolution in time indicating the nanoparticle-protein interaction. The protein corona formation was also dependent on time, albumin adsorption reaching the peak level after 1 hour. The silicon QDs adsorbed an important amount of FBS proteins from the first 5 minutes of incubation that was maintained for the next 8 hours, and diminished afterwards. Under protein-free conditions the QDs induced cell membrane damage in a time-dependent manner, however the presence of serum proteins attenuated their hemolytic activity and maintained the integrity of phosphatidylcholine layer. This study provides useful insights regarding the dynamics of BSA adsorption and interaction of silicon QDs with proteins and lipids, in order to understand the role of QDs biocorona.