Maria Sofia Cattaruzza

Epidemiology of laryngeal cancer.

Laryngeal cancer is the second most common respiratory cancer after lung cancer. Its incidence is increasing over time in much of the world and this increase is generally accepted to be related to changes in tobacco and alcohol consumption. It is a relatively common cancer in men, but rarer in women. Moreover, interesting new issues have been raised recently about the influence of other possible risk factors. Evidence from epidemiological studies which supports the involvement of new risk factors in the aetiology of larynx cancer, as well as new perspectives in therapy, must be taken into consideration in order to realise primary and tertiary prevention. However, it remains clear that, even as new evidence continues to amass about a wide range of risk factors, primary prevention of the great majority of laryngeal cancers could be achieved by elimination of tobacco smoking and reduction of consumption of alcoholic beverages. With an additional contribution from adoption of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, the great majority of laryngeal cancer appears to be preventable within our current epidemiological knowledge.

Stressful Life events, social support, attachment security and alexithymia in vitiligo: A case-control study

Background: It has often been suggested that stress might trigger vitiligo. However, only one study supported this hypothesis, and no study explored the role of other personality or social factors. Methods: Out-patients experiencing a recent onset or exacerbation of vitiligo (n = 31) were compared with out-patients with skin conditions in which psychosomatic factors are commonly were regarded as negligible (n = 116). Stressful events during the last 12 months were assessed with Paykel’s Interview for Recent Life Events. Attachment style, alexithymia and social support were assessed with the ‘Experiences in Close Relationships’ questionnaire, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, respectively. Results: Cases and controls did not differ regarding the total number of events and the number of undesirable, uncontrollable or major events. Three or more uncontrollable events had occurred more frequently among cases than controls. Perceived social support was lower in cases than in controls. Cases scored higher than controls on anxious attachment, tended towards higher scores on avoidant attachment and were classified more often as insecure. Cases scored higher than controls on the TAS-20 and were classified more often as alexithymic or borderline alexithymic. The occurrence of many uncontrollable events, alexithymia and anxious attachment were associated with vitiligo also in multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that vulnerability to vitiligo is not increased by stressful events, except for many uncontrollable events. Alexithymia, insecure attachment and poor social support appear to increase susceptibility to vitiligo, possibly through deficits in emotion regulation or reduced ability to cope effectively with stress.

Sun exposure and sun protection in young European children: an EORTC multicentric study

Most European children experience exposure to the sun during the summer holidays. The aim of this study was to examine the behaviour of European children when in the sun during their holidays. In 1995-1997, a total of 631 young children were recruited during a multicentric study in Belgium, Germany, France and Italy. For each holiday period from birth, parents gave detailed information on sun exposure and child behaviour. Predictors and trends over time of sun protection were investigated. Forty percent of children were exposed to sunlight in the first and 86% in the sixth year of life. At the same time, the number of children who experienced sunburns rose from 1 to 23%. In the whole period of 6 years, only 8% of children always wore trousers and shirt when in the sun, while 25% children always used a sunscreen. The proportion of sun-exposed children who used sunscreen was stable with age (approximately 50%), while those who always wore trousers and shirts dropped from 46% (1st year) to 19% (6th year). Multinomial logistic regression showed that sunscreen use, but not the wearing of clothes was associated with sun-sensitivity. In summary, sun exposure increases steadily, while sun protection decreases in the first 6 years of life in our cohort of children. In this cohort, use of a sunscreen was much more frequent than the wearing of clothes and a reduction in sun exposure.

Long-term follow-up in atrophic body gastritis patients: Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia are persistent lesions irrespective of Helicobacter pylori infection

Background : Long‐term outcome of atrophic body gastritis has not yet been defined.

Only limited support for a role of psychosomatic factors in psoriasis: Results from a case-control study

OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of stressful events, social support, attachment security and alexithymia in triggering or exacerbating psoriasis. METHODS Outpatients experiencing a recent onset or exacerbation of psoriasis (n=40) were compared with outpatients with skin conditions in which psychosomatic factors are regarded as negligible (n=116). Stressful events during the last year were assessed with Paykels Interview for Recent Life Events. Attachment style, alexithymia and perceived social support were assessed with the ECR questionnaire, the TAS-20 and the MSPSS, respectively. RESULTS The mean number of recently experienced life events, or of undesirable, uncontrollable or major events was not different between psoriatic patients and controls. The only stress measure that showed a slight trend towards an association with psoriasis was having experienced four or more stressful events in the preceding year. There was a statistical trend towards an association between alexithymia and psoriasis, whereas there were no significant differences between patients with psoriasis and controls with respect to perceived social support and attachment security. Subgroup analysis suggested that the role of all psychosomatic factors studied might be more important in certain clinical types, such as guttate and diffuse plaque psoriasis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide only limited support for a role of psychosomatic factors in psoriasis. Future studies should investigate chronic and daily stressors in addition to major life events, include measures of stress appraisal and include specifically patients with a recent onset of disease.

Infection risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthropathy patients under treatment with DMARDs, Corticosteroids and TNF-α antagonists

BackgroundInfections which complicate rheumatic diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Spondyloarthropathy (SpA) (Psoriatic Arthritis [PA] and Ankylosing Spondylitis [AS]), may cause significant morbidity and mortality. However, among the studies on the incidence rate (IR) of infections in such patients, very few have involved controls and the results have been controversial, probably due to methodological difficulties.To estimate infection rates in RA and SpA patients under disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), corticosteroids (CS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α antagonists, alone or combined, a single-centre retrospective observational cohort study has been performed.Patients and methodsIncidence rates/100 patient-years of any infections were evaluated in RA and SpA outpatients observed in the period November 1, 2003 through December 31, 2009 and stratified according to therapy. Infection incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated using Poisson regression models which adjusted for demographic/clinical characteristics of the patients.ResultsThree hundred and thirtyone infections [318 (96.1%) non-serious and 13 (3.9%) serious] have been registered among 176 of the 341 patients (52%). The IR/100 patient-years of all infections was 36.3 ranging from 12.4 (DMARDs + CS) to 62.7 (anti-TNFα + CS). The most frequent infection site was respiratory tract, and bacteria were responsible for three quarters of all infections. In the multivariate analysis, adding anti-TNFα to DMARDs doubled the IRR compared to DMARDs alone, anti-TNFα + CS significantly tripled it, whereas anti-TNFα + CS + DMARDs only increased the risk 2.5 times. The degree of disease activity was strongly and significantly associated with the infection risk (severe or moderate versus mild, IRR = 4). Female sex was significantly associated with increased infection risk, while duration of disease and anti-influenza vaccination were protective, the latter even for cutaneous/soft-tissue (mainly herpetic) infections.ConclusionThe combination anti-TNFα with CS was found to be the most pro-infective treatment, whereas DMARDs alone were relatively safe. Physicians, therefore, should be aware that there may be an increased risk of infection when using anti-TNFα and CS therapy together. Anti-influenza vaccination appears to provide broad protection, adding evidence to support its use in these patients, and deserves further study.

Tolerance of human MSH2+/- lymphoblastoid cells to the methylating agent temozolomide.

Members of hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) families harboring heterozygous germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes hMSH2 or hMLH1 present with tumors generally two to three decades earlier than individuals with nonfamilial sporadic colon cancer. We searched for phenotypic features that might predispose heterozygous cells from HNPCC kindreds to malignant transformation. hMSH2+/− lymphoblastoid cell lines were found to be on average about 4-fold more tolerant than wild-type cells to killing by the methylating agent temozolomide, a phenotype that is invariably linked with impairment of the mismatch repair system. This finding was associated with an average 2-fold decrease of the steady-state level of hMSH2 protein in hMSH2+/− cell lines. In contrast, hMLH1+/− heterozygous cells were indistinguishable from normal controls in these assays. Thus, despite the fact that HNPCC families harboring mutations in hMSH2 or hMLH1 cannot be distinguished clinically, the early stages of the carcinogenic process in hMSH2 and hMLH1 mutation carriers may be different. Should hMSH2+/− colonocytes and lymphoblasts harbor a similar phenotype, the increased tolerance of the former to DNA-damaging agents present in the human colon may play a key role in the initiation of the carcinogenic process.

Risk factors for Caesarean section in Italy: results of amulticentre study

A recent large increase in Caesarean section (CS) in Italy was the initial stimulus for a study to identify risk factors for CS and, if possible, to suggest strategies to counteract the rise. The study was conducted in three hospitals where a wide range of individual variables was collected from the clinical records and from personal interviews. Crude CS rates and odds ratios were evaluated for each single variable while logistic regression has been used to investigate possible confounding factors. The study involved 1316 consecutive deliveries. Crude CS rates were 29.4%, 15.7% and 16.1%. Variables identified as high risk factors were pre-eclampsia, previous CS, breech and other non-vertex presentations. Antenatal care under an obstetrician working in the same hospital, a low number of antenatal consultations, previous miscarriages, offer (by obstetrician) and request (by women) for CS showed significantly high odds ratios (ORs). Previous live births was strongly negatively associated with CS. No relationship between type of delivery and social status was observed while a physician factor was detected in all three hospitals where rates for different physicians ranged from 0% to 52.8%. Apart from the main medical indications for Caesarean section (previous CS, breech presentation), the results seem to indicate that individual practice style may be an important determinant of the wide variation in the rates of Caesarean delivery. While this may have been suspected before this study, these results are the first hard data to indicate that, in Italy, CS is widely performed for non-medical reasons.

The potential role of high or low birthweight as risk factor for adult schizophrenia

Abstract Objective: Obstetric complications may be an important factor in the development of schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of these complications in the development of schizophrenia in adult life, with particular attention to the potential role of birth weight. Method: We carried out a case-control study, comprising schizophrenics and patients with diseases of the schizophrenia spectrum as cases, and their healthy male brothers as controls. Obstetric complications were assessed using the “Midwife Protocol” of Parnas et al. Results: The main result was that birth weight may be a risk factor for schizophrenia, as indicated by odds ratio analysis. The confidence intervals are very wide and, without compromising the clinical significance of the results, they give a limited indication of the real entity of the risk. Conclusions: The results contribute to understanding of the role played by a single complications.

Vertebral morphometry by X-ray absorptiometry: Which reference data for vertebral heights?

INTRODUCTION The recent improvement in the resolution of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images enables most vertebral levels to be seen adequately and thus DXA may be a worthwhile alternative to radiologic morphometry for the identification of vertebral fractures (VF). In this multicenter study, we have derived reference data for vertebral heights and their ratios in Italian women using morphometric X-ray absorptiometry (MXA). METHODS DXA scans were acquired in 1254 consecutive pre- and postmenopausal women, (mean age 63.7 ± 11.3, range 26-88 yrs), referred to six osteoporosis centers. MXA analysis of these images was performed by the same operator measuring vertebral heights and height ratios from L4 to T4. We calculated measures of central tendency and dispersion of vertebral heights and vertebral ratios using different approaches (mean and standard deviation as well as median and interquartile range of raw data, mean and standard deviation of trimmed data using an iterative algorithm, and mean and standard deviation of not fractured vertebrae). RESULTS Independently of the approach that we used, all the measures of central tendency were similar, while significant differences were found when compared with reference ranges in other populations. The vertebral heights of our sample at every vertebral level were significantly smaller than both Rea population and the Lunar reference values, even after normalization. Splitting data according to age groups, there was a decrease in the vertebral heights and ratios between the younger and older women. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that reference data for MXA should be population specific and age matched.