Mariana Pires Luz

Rescuers at risk: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers

PurposeWe sought to estimate the pooled current prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among rescue workers and to determine the variables implicated in the heterogeneity observed among the prevalences of individual studies.MethodsA systematic review covering studies reporting on the PTSD prevalence in rescue teams was conducted following four sequential steps: (1) research in specialized online databases, (2) review of abstracts and selection of studies, (3) review of reference list, and (4) contact with authors and experts. Prevalence data from all studies were pooled using random effects model. Multivariate meta-regression models were fitted to identify variables related to the prevalences heterogeneity.ResultsA total of 28 studies, reporting on 40 samples with 20,424 rescuers, were selected. The worldwide pooled current prevalence was 10%. Meta-regression modeling in studies carried out in the Asian continent had, on average, higher estimated prevalences than those from Europe, but not higher than the North American estimates. Studies of ambulance personnel also showed higher estimated PTSD prevalence than studies with firefighters and police officers.ConclusionsRescue workers in general have a pooled current prevalence of PTSD that is much higher than that of the general population. Ambulance personnel and rescuers from Asia may be more susceptible to PTSD. These results indicate the need for improving pre-employment strategies to select the most resilient individuals for rescue work, to implement continuous preventive measures for personnel, and to promote educational campaigns about PTSD and its therapeutic possibilities.

Institutional h-index: The performance of a new metric in the evaluation of Brazilian Psychiatric Post-graduation Programs

A fair assessment of merit is needed for better resource allocation in the scientific community. We analyzed the performance of the institutional h-index in the case of Brazilian Psychiatry Post-graduation Programs. Traditional bibliometric indicators and the institutional h-index similarly ranked the programs, except for the Average Impact Factor. The institutional h-index correlated strongly with the majority of the traditional bibliometric indicators, which did not occur with the Average Impact Factor. The institutional h-index balances “quantity” and “quality”, and can be used as part of a panel of bibliometric indicators to aid the peer-review process.

The impact of posttraumatic symptoms and comorbid mental disorders on the health-related quality of life in treatment-seeking PTSD patients

BACKGROUND There is a dearth of literature dealing with the impact of the severity of posttraumatic symptoms and of comorbid mental disorders on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of victims of civilian violence with a primary diagnosis of PTSD. OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of the severity of posttraumatic symptoms and of presence of comorbid mental disorders on the HRQOL of treatment-seeking outpatients with PTSD. METHODS A sample of 65 PTSD patients was recruited in a specialized outpatient clinic. The volunteers had the diagnoses of PTSD and of comorbid mental disorders established with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). The severity of posttraumatic, depression and anxiety symptoms was measured with the PCL-C, BDI and BAI, respectively. HRQOL was assessed by means of the SF-36, a 36-item self-administered scale that measures eight domains of quality of life: vitality, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, social role functioning, and mental health. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to investigate the relationship between the severity of posttraumatic, mood, and anxiety symptoms; the presence of specific current comorbid disorders and of psychotic symptoms, and the number of current comorbid conditions for each of the eight domains of HRQOL, after adjusting for the effect of sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS The severity of PTSD symptoms predicted worse HRQOL in all eight domains of SF-36, even after controlling for the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms, the presence of panic disorder, OCD, specific and social phobia, psychotic symptoms, and the number of comorbid disorders. The strongest negative association between PTSD symptoms severity and HRQOL was found in the Social Functioning domain. Although the inclusion of the depressive symptoms in the models led to a reduction of the magnitude of the negative association between the severity of PTSD symptoms and the HRQOL domain scores, the former still accounted for most of the explained variance of the latter. CONCLUSIONS We found that even in the presence of comorbid mental disorders, the severity of posttraumatic symptoms remained the strongest predictor for impaired HRQOL in PTSD outpatients. Our results suggest that improvement of HRQOL should be considered a therapeutic objective and an essential outcome measure in the treatment of PTSD.

Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in Brazilian primary care patients: an examination of seven alternative models.

The DSM-IV-TR postulates that PTSD symptoms are organized into 3 clusters. This assumption has been challenged by growing number of factor analytical studies, which tend to favor 4-factor, first-order models. Our objective was to investigate whether the clusters of PTSD symptoms identified in North American and European studies could be replicated in a Brazilian sample composed of 805 primary care patients living in hillside slums. Volunteers were asked to fill out the Brazilian version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version and a confirmatory factor analysis of this scale was conducted with the software LISREL 8.80. Seven models were tested and a 4-factor, first-order solution including an emotional numbing cluster was found to provide the best fit. Although PTSD has been characterized by some critics as a Western culture-specific disorder lacking universal validity, our results seem to uphold the cross-cultural validity of the 4-factor, first-order model.

Comorbid depressive symptoms in treatment-seeking PTSD outpatients affect multiple domains of quality of life.

PURPOSE No study has examined the impact of the comorbid Axis I conditions on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with a primary diagnosis of PTSD. Our goal was to investigate the influence of comorbid disorders on the QoL of treatment-seeking outpatients with PTSD. METHODS The diagnoses of PTSD and of the comorbid disorders were established using the SCID-I. The 54 volunteers also completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version, the BDI, the BAI, the Trauma History Questionnaire, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Quality of life was assessed by means of the WHOQOL-BREF, a 26-item self-administered scale that measures four domains of QoL: psychological, physical, social, and environmental. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to investigate the relationship between the severity of post-traumatic, mood, and anxiety symptoms; the presence of specific current comorbid disorders and of psychotic symptoms, the number of current comorbid conditions, and a history of child abuse for each of the four domains of QoL, after adjusting for the effect of socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS The severity of PTSD symptoms impacted negatively on the psychological and physical domains. The severity of depressive symptoms correlated negatively with QoL in all domains, independently of sex, age, occupation, and marital status. The psychotic symptoms impacted negatively on the environmental domain. A history of child abuse was negatively associated with the psychological and the social domains. CONCLUSIONS The severity of comorbid depressive symptoms is one of the most important factors in the determination of the QoL in patients with PTSD.

Conditional risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in an epidemiological study of a Brazilian urban population

INTRODUCTION Conditional risk for PTSD is the risk of developing PTSD after exposure to traumatic events. This epidemiological study of the general urban population from the two largest cities in Brazil reports exposure to traumatic events; conditional risk for PTSD; and proportion/estimated number of PTSD cases secondary to each type of traumatic event. METHOD Cross-sectional study of general population (15-75 y.o.) from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. PTSD was assessed through Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1. RESULTS Our main findings, from 3744 participants, were: 1) high prevalence of traumatic events (86%), urban violence being the most common; 2) conditional risk for PTSD was 11.1%; 3) women (15.9%) have overall conditional risk 3 times higher than men (5.1%); 4) war-related trauma (67.8%), childhood sexual abuse (49.1%) and adult sexual violence (44.1%) had the highest conditional risks; 5) 35% of PTSD cases (estimated 435,970 individuals) were secondary to sudden/unexpected death of a close person, and 40% secondary to interpersonal violence. CONCLUSIONS Brazilian urban population is highly exposed to urban violence, and overall conditional risk for PTSD was 11.1%. Violence prevention and enhancement of resilience should be part of public policies, and mental health sequelae of trauma should be better recognized and treated.

Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria: um estudo bibliométrico dos artigos publicados de 1995 a 2004

OBJECTIVE: The Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria (JBP) is a scientific journal specialized in psychiatry edited since 1938, publishing part of the Brazilian scientific production in this area. This paper aims at producing a bibliometric analysis of the articles published at the JBP from 1995 to 2004. METHODS: The articles have been classified according to their year of publication, geographic origin (according to the scientific affiliation of the first author), type of article (review articles, original research, case reports, meta-analysis and opinative articles). The absolute and proportional numbers of articles in each category were analyzed considering the whole decade and the two studied quinquenniums. RESULTS: 619 articles were published at the JBP on this period. 91.4% of these were written by Brazilian researchers. Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco were the top Brazilian states in number of published articles. Original research and review articles were the most frequent publications (37.3% e 35.9%, respectively). CONCLUSION: From 1995 to 2004 the profile of the articles published at the JBP changed, with greater geographic diversity on the second quinquennium. This might reflect the greater visibility of the JBP.

Sexual trauma is more strongly associated with tonic immobility than other types of trauma – A population based study

BACKGROUND Tonic immobility is an involuntary motor and vocal inhibition reaction, considered the last-ditch response of the defensive cascade model. It is elicited in context of inescapable threat and perception of entrapment. Our aim was to investigate the association between different traumatic events and peritraumatic tonic immobility (PTI) in a representative sample of the general population. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of general population from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo with 3231 victims of traumatic events aged 15-75 years who completed the Tonic Immobility Scale (TIS). We calculated the frequency of the different traumatic events and estimated the mean scores with 95% confidence intervals for each traumatic event, controlling for the potential confounders using multiple linear regression models. Finally, we calculated the proportion of individual scoring zero in TIS for the 16 traumatic events. RESULTS PTI scores in child sexual abuse and adult sexual violence were almost twice as high as in other types of traumatic events, even when controlled for gender and educational level. Torture and war also showed high PTI scores, but these were based on very small number of cases and need to be interpreted with caution. Furthermore, victims of sexual trauma had the lowest proportion of individuals with total absence of PTI symptoms. LIMITATIONS This is a cross-sectional study and causal inferences must be drawn with caution. CONCLUSIONS Peritraumatic tonic immobility is more strongly associated with sexual trauma, particularly in childhood, than to other types of trauma in the general population.

Prazosina de liberação lenta para pacientes com transtorno do estresse pós-traumático resistentes aos ISRS

BACKGROUND: Prazosin is an antagonist of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor used to treat PTSD-related nightmares and insomnia. Although evidence suggests that it is also effective in the treatment of general symptoms of PTSD, its short half-life (2-3 hours) may limit its therapeutic effects. OBJECTIVE: To describe four cases of patients with PTSD resistant to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or selective serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs) therapy (conventional therapy) treated with slow-release prazosin presentation. METHODS: Four patients with severe PTSD resistant to conventional therapy received slow-release prazosin (half-life of 10.8 hours) added to their prescription for at least three months. PTSD symptoms were evaluated by the PCL-C, together with nightmares and insomnia items of CAPS, at baseline and at the last observation of each patient. RESULTS: Two patients showed improvement in general symptoms of PTSD (reduction of 35.7% and 11.9% in PCL-C scores), and three showed relief from nightmares and insomnia (CAPS scores). The only patient who received morning and bedtime doses of prazosin showed the greatest improvement in general symptoms of PTSD. DISCUSSION: It is possible that the sustained blockade of noradrenergic activity in the central nervous system provided by slow-release prazosin during the day is necessary to further ameliorate residual PTSD symptoms in patients receiving conventional antidepressant therapy.

Early scars are forever: Childhood abuse in patients with adult-onset PTSD is associated with increased prevalence and severity of psychiatric comorbidity

Childhood abuse and PTSD are independently associated with severe psychiatric comorbidity. We hypothesized that among patients with adult-onset PTSD, a history of child abuse was associated with increased prevalence and severity of comorbid mental disorders. Participants were 109 adult treatment-seeking patients, 23.9% of whom had a history of childhood sexual, physical or emotional abuse. The socio-demographic characteristics and comorbidity profile of PTSD patients with and without history of child abuse were compared using the two-tailed t-test and the chi-square test. PTSD patients with a history of child abuse had significantly higher average PCL-C hyperarousal [21.8 (SD = 3.6) vs 19.8 (SD = 3.5)] and BDI [35.7 (SD = 9.2) vs 29.1 (SD = 13.9)] scores, a significantly increased average number of lifetime [4.85 (SD = 1.43) vs 3.93 (SD = 1.33)] and current [4.46 (SD = 1.24) vs 3.75 (SD = 1.32)] comorbid disorders, and a greater prevalence of lifetime (73.1% vs 44.6%) and current (79.2% vs 46.7%) panic disorder/agoraphobia and of psychotic symptoms (73.1% vs 30.1%). All effect sizes were in the medium to large range. Adult-onset PTSD patients with a history of child abuse may represent a subgroup with a more severe form of the disorder that is associated with a more serious clinical course, treatment resistance and poorer outcome.