Marie C Nelson

Why Did They Become Pipe-Bound Cities? Early Water and Sewerage Alternatives in Swedish Cities

For decades and even centuries, Swedish towns, prompted by the need for clean water, haddiscussedpotential water systems. Some towns haddevelopedplans, but it was first in the secondhalf of the 19th century that the gradual conversion was made to pipe-boundsystems for water andsanitation. Not until 1863, after towns hadgainedthe authority to collect taxes, borrow money, lay pipes through private compounds, and monitor the urban environment, did infrastructure development become the task of local government. Cholera epidemics and fire protection (and thus lower insurance fees) were among the factors motivating the town councils andproperty owners. Especially from 1875 on, the hygienic value of water was also emphasizedin the effort to enforce public health legislation. Pipes for the systems were importedanddesigns emulated.

A definition of disability emphasizing the interaction between individual and social aspects that existed among Scandinavian precursors of rehabilitation medicine as early as 1912.

This article suggests that definitions of disability exphasizing individuals and social context existed much earlier than is most often claimed

Swedish Seaside Sanatoria in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

This article discusses the founding of Swedens coastal sanatoria for the treatment of non-pulmonary tuberculosis among children. This survey sketches the origins, finansing, the political and scie ...