Mariem Malouche
World Bank
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Archive | 2009
Mariem Malouche
In the aftermath of the Lehman Brothers collapse in September 2008, drop in the supply of trade finance, a critical engine for trade transactions, has become an acute concern for the development community. Banks were increasing pricing on trade finance transactions to cover increased funding costs and higher credit risks, and trade was dropping drastically in most countries, with global trade projected to decline in 2009 for the first time in decades. Yet, little was known about the real impact of the crisis on developing countryx92s capacity to export. The World Bank has commissioned a firm and bank survey on trade and trade finance developments in developing countries during the first quarter of 2009 to collect field information. In total, 425 firms and 78 banks were surveyed in 14 developing countries across five regions. This paper summarizes the findings of the survey as well as discusses the type of policies governments and international organizations put in place to mitigate the impact of the crisis. In sum, the survey findings confirmed that the global financial crisis has constrained trade finance for exporters and importers in developing countries. But the impact varied by the firm size, sectoral activity, and countriesx92 integration into the global economy. In particular, SMEs were particularly affected, and export diversification was made more difficult, especially in low income countries. Nevertheless, drop in demand has emerged as the top concern of firms at the time when the survey was conducted in March-April 2009.
World Bank Publications | 2012
Olivier Cadot; Mariem Malouche; Sebastián Sáez
This volume is organized as follows. Chapter one discusses the newly revamped non-tariff measure (NTM) classification system, the data collection effort so far, and the key characteristics of the data. It also highlights the private-sector view that NTMs should support domestic firms competitiveness across countries. Chapter two describes the analytics of an NTM review, step by step through the key questions, for example, is there a market failure, which market is affected, what are the costs of regulatory action vs. the risks of deregulation, and explains how to answer these questions and how to go about quantification when it is possible. Chapter three focuses on the institutional setup and key principles required to successfully pursue the streamlining of regulations. Since the mid-1990s, developed countries have introduced new regulatory approaches aimed at improving the quality of the decision-making process by enhancing both the analytical framework used by policy makers and the participation of interested parties in the regulatory process. Finally, chapters four and five provide practical examples of streamlining NTMs. Chapter four overviews selected experiences with tackling the trade regulatory agenda at both country and regional levels. Chapter five presents case studies on streamlining NTMs, including technical regulation and prohibition, particularly illustrating the analytics that may support the review process. Finally, NTM reviews should be seen as part of national competitiveness agendas rather than as concessions to trading partners. When NTMs are perceived by the domestic private sector as hampering access to key inputs, business regulatory reviews should naturally lead to NTM reviews. Joint use of the triangle of products will facilitate the adoption by governments of coherent national competitiveness strategies centered on the reduction of trade costs.
World Bank Publications | 2011
Jean-Pierre Chauffour; Mariem Malouche
The bursting of the subprime mortgage market in the United States in 2008 and the ensuing global financial crisis were associated with a rapid decline in global trade. The extent of the trade collapse was unprecedented: trade flows fell at a faster rate than had been observed even in the early years of the great depression. G-20 leaders held their first crisis-related summit in November 2008. The goal was to understand the root causes of the global crisis and to reach consensus on actions to address its immediate effects. In the case of trade, a key question concerned the extent to which a drying up of trade finance caused the observed decline in trade flows. This book brings together a range of projects and studies undertaken by development institutions, export credit agencies, private bankers, and academics to shed light on the role of trade finance in the 2008-09 great trade collapse. It provides policy makers, analysts, and other interested parties with analyses and assessments of the role of governments and institutions in restoring trade finance markets. A deeper understanding of the complexity of trade finance remains critical as the world economy recovers and the supply of trade finance improves. The international community continues to know too little about the fragility of low income economies in response to trade finance developments and shocks, as well as about the ability and conditions of access to trade finance by small and medium enterprises and small banks in developing countries. Similarly, there is uncertainty regarding the impact on trade finance of recent changes in the third Basel regulatory framework.Firms procure funds not only from specialized financial intermediaries, but also from suppliers, generally by delaying payments. The empirical evidence on trade credit raises questions that are hard to reconcile with existing theories: • What justifies the widespread use of trade credit by financially unconstrained firms that have access to seemingly cheaper alternative sources? • Why is the reliance on trade credit not always increasing in the degree of credit rationing? • Does input lending affect the borrower’s choice of inputs? • Does the degree of creditor protection affect financing and input choices? This chapter addresses these questions in a unified framework.
World Bank Publications | 2016
Sanjay Kathuria; Mariem Malouche
This paper describes the trade performance of Bangladesh at the macro and micro levels for goods and services. The analysis of the basic orientation of trade is crucial to judge the extent to which a country’s trade structure is conducive to future growth. The analysis of trade performance at the aggregate and sector levels is complemented by a micro analysis based on detailed firm-level data from customs, in the trade outcomes analysis. The analysis uses the decomposition of the margins of trade growth as a framework for exploring trade competitiveness and analyzes the level, growth, and market share performance of existing exports (the intensive margin), as well as the market share performance of new exports. The analysis highlights the following: (a) the heavy sector and market concentration of exports; (b) the potential to improve trade performance by penetrating new markets and exporting new products, as the low entry and exit rates of firms suggests competitiveness challenges likely driven by weaknesses in the general export environment; and (c) untapped potential in services exports despite a noticeable increase in services exports, driven by the growth in communications services and other business services (including engineering, consulting, and other professional services), which reflects Bangladesh’s large pool of labor and growing opportunities in emerging services, such as skill-intensive and professional services. Overall, the analysis suggests that there is potential to intensify exports based on the existing factor endowment (a large pool of unskilled labor); that is, existing exports can grow significantly in current and new markets. The data suggest that Bangladesh will have to work harder to produce another large, labor-intensive cluster like garments, but its export presence in a wide variety of manufactured products indicates that it is possible, with the right supporting environment and with skill upgrading.
World Bank Publications | 2015
Sanjay Kathuria; Mariem Malouche
This diagnostic trade integration study (DTIS) analyzes the internal and external constraints to further integration with the world economy, keeping in view the end goals of job creation and poverty reduction, as well as enhancement of citizens’ welfare. The DTIS seeks to identify policies as well as gaps in physical and institutional infrastructure that need to be overcome to consolidate Bangladesh’s strengths in existing markets as well as help diversify export products and export markets. Bangladesh aims to accelerate growth to become a middle-income country by 2021, continue its high pace of poverty reduction, and share prosperity more widely among its citizens. It seeks to increase the growth rate of its economy to about 7.3 percent per year over the sixth plan period, fiscal year 2011 to fiscal year 2015, and reduce the poverty headcount by about 10 percentage points. This DTIS has identified a four-pillar strategy that can contribute to accelerate development of the export sector, a priority for jobs and growth: breaking into new markets; breaking into new products; improving worker and consumer welfare; and building a supportive environment. Implementing the four-pillar agenda will help improve the overall competitiveness of the economy and provide sources of strength other than low wages.
World Bank Publications | 2016
Sanjay Kathuria; Mariem Malouche
This Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) has been prepared in response to a request from the government of Bangladesh under the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) for Trade Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries. The EIF is a multidonor program that supports the least developed countries in becoming more active players in the global trading system by helping them tackle supply-side constraints to trade. The ultimate objective of the study is to build the foundation for accelerated growth by enhancing the integration of the economy of Bangladesh into regional and global markets. This book is arranged as follows: Chapter one assesses the current situation of the industry and Bangladesh’s possibilities for development, keeping in view competition from other shipbuilding nations; Chapter two assesses the performance of the bicycle value chain in Bangladesh in the context of global competition; Chapter three assesses the performance of the diversified jute products value chain in Bangladesh against the backdrop of global competition; Chapter four assesses the performance of the non-leather footwear value chain in Bangladesh against the backdrop of global competition; Chapter five assesses the performance of the garment value chain in Bangladesh in the context of strong international competition; Chapter six looks at the current status of the sector, exports, trade policy, and the regulatory framework for pharmaceuticals; Chapter seven looks at accelerating the development of Information Technology (IT)-Enabled Services; and Chapter eight provides more detailed discussion of IT-BPO and labor services followed by Conclusion.
Archive | 2009
Elisa Gamberoni; Richard Newfarmer; Mariem Malouche; Jean-Pierre Chauffour
World Bank Publications | 2011
Mohini Datt; Bernard Hoekman; Mariem Malouche
Archive | 2011
Olivier Cadot; Patricia Augier; Julien Gourdon; Mariem Malouche
World Bank Publications | 2013
Amir Fouad; José-Daniel Reyes; Mariem Malouche