Marilene Fancelli

Atratividade e preferência para oviposição de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biótipo B em genótipos de tomateiro

Tomato genotypes of different species were evaluated regarding to attractiveness and oviposition preference of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with a split-pot scheme and three replicates. Plant infestation was done at 40-45 days after seedling transplanting by introducing highly whitefly-infested soybean plants. The variables evaluated were adult number and egg number on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaflets, during five weeks. Each observation was composed by the mean numbers obtained for three leaflets. Leaf area of each genotype was determined to estimate whitefly population per cm2. There were no significant differences among genotypes and evaluations regarding to the presence of live adult whiteflies on the adaxial surfaces of the leaflets. For the number of live adult whiteflies on the abaxial surface, the least attractive genotypes were LA716 (Lycopersicon pennellii) and PI134417 (L. hirsutum f. glabratum); LA1609 (L. peruvianum) was one of the most attractive ones. Great number of dead adult whiteflies was registered on LA716, due to the sticky secretion produced by the glandular trichomes that cover leaves and stalks, trapping whiteflies when they contact the leaflet. Similar behavior was verified for LA1739, LA1740, PI127826 (L. hirsutum), PI134417 and PI134418 (L. hirsutum f. glabratum). LA716 and PI134418 were the least preferred genotypes for oviposition. The preferred genotypes for oviposition on the abaxial surface of the leaflets were CNPH1039, Japao (L. pimpinellifolium) and LA1609.

Manejo integrado de nematóides na cultura da bananeira

The integrated management is a requirement of the European Community (CE) which demands rigorous quality product and sustainability, which is emphasized primarily on the environment protection, food safety, work conditions, human health and economical viability. In this context, the use of organic amendments for soil management is one of the strategies that brings the most benefits to soil biodiversity and conservation. This practice is known since the beginning of the civilization. Nevertheless, an effective use still depends on the knowledge of the many interactions in the agro-ecosystem. This review presents some studies of its use in integrated management of plant parasitic nematodes, validation perspectives focused in banana and use possibilities to assist the sustainability demand.

Exsudato glandular de genótipos de tomateiro e desenvolvimento de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Sternorryncha: Aleyrodidae) biótipo B

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) is one of the most important tomato pests in Brazil and causes severe losses due to the sap suction, the induction of the irregular ripening of the fruit and virus transmission. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of exudates released by the glandular trichomes on the development of B. tabaci biotype B on eight tomato genotypes, under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged as a factorial scheme (genotype x exudate) in a randomized block design, with three replications, being the genotypes evaluated in two conditions (with and without exudate). Whitefly adults were transferred to a voile cage for 24h. The variables evaluated were number of eggs and viability, incubation period, number of nymphs, duration and viability of the nymphal stage. Trichome counts and determination of pH and acylglucose content were made for all the genotypes. Intact leaflets of LA716 were less accepted for oviposition than leaflets without exudate, which suggests an antixenotic effect. Antixenotic resistance in LA1739 and PI134417 was not associated to the glandular exudate. The effect of exudates on the insect oviposition was explained by the acylglucose content. The pH showed secondary role on the whitefly oviposition. Trichomes density improved the insect development. LA1584 reduced the insect survival and increased its cycle, besides promoting an intermediate oviposition. For this reason, it can be useful in breeding programs. However, further studies are needed to determine the potential of this genotype and hybrids for future utilization in integrated pest management.

Beauveria bassiana Strains for Biological Control of Cosmopolites sordidus (Germ.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Plantain

The objective of this study was to select strains of Beauveria bassiana for controlling Cosmopolites sordidus (Germ.) in plantain farms (cv. Terra) of the “Recôncavo” and southern regions in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The virulence of 32 B. bassiana isolates against C. sordidus was determined under laboratory conditions. Three isolates (CNPMF 407, CNPMF 218, and CNPMF 416) were selected for evaluation under field conditions in plantations located in the counties of Mutuípe and Wenceslau Guimarães. Population of C. sordidus was estimated every 15 days by using pseudostem traps. The efficiency of the three strains of B. bassiana was compared to chemical control (carbofuran, 4g/trap) and absence of control. Carbofuran caused around 90% of adult mortality after 12 months, with a reduction in the population of C. sordidus since the first evaluation. A low number of trapped insects was observed in the fungus-treated plots, suggesting the efficiency of the isolates in controlling the C. sordidus population. The strain CNPMF 218 was the most efficient in controlling C. sordidus adults in both locations, causing around 20% mortality, leading to 40% population size reduction after 12 months.

Nematoides: bioindicadores de sustentabilidade e mudanças edafoclimáticas

Em vista do desconhecimento da importância economica dos fitonematoides, isoladamente, em cada cultura, esses organismos tem sido frequentemente negligenciados nos agroecossistemas, somente assumindo status de patogeno quando sua populacao se encontra muito elevada, com prejuizos acentuados. Contudo, somente 10% do universo de nematoides causam danos as plantas, 25% sao nematoides agrupados nos niveis troficos de fungivoros ou micofagos, bacterivoros e onivoros, de acordo com o tipo de sua alimentacao. Nao se conhece a relacao do nivel populacional do nematoide com o nivel de dano nas plantas. Por esse motivo, os defensivos quimicos sao, em sua maioria, a opcao mais usada ou a preferida pelos agricultores, para o manejo, podendo promover o desequilibrio na comunidade, refletindo em risco ambiental. Para a avaliacao de risco, proveniente de substâncias quimicas, impactos sobre diferentes tipos de manejo dos solos, bem como disturbios que eles sofrem, varios testes de toxicidade com nematoides tem sido realizados e ha crescente demanda em sua utilizacao em paises mais desenvolvidos. A analise da comunidade presente em determinado ecossistema, de acordo com os habitos alimentares e o indice de maturidade, provou ser bom indicador a danos causados por poluentes ou disturbios ecologicos. Nessa revisao, sao apresentados dados que demonstram que esses organismos podem ser utilizados de forma satisfatoria em estudos de sustentabilidade de ecossistemas, devido a sua abundância, diversidade e respostas a toxicidade e disturbios ambientais.

Parasitismo em Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) por Encarsia hispida De Santis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), em mamoeiro, no Brasil

Infestation of Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) was observed in October 2004, in papaya plants of cultivar Sunrise Solo, under screenhouse conditions, in Cruz das Almas, State of Bahia, Brazil. In infested leaves, around 20% of parasitism on nymphs was verified. Leaves with parasitized nymphs were kept in laboratory until emergence of the parasitoid, identified as Encarsia hispida De Santis. This is the first time that this parasitoid was detected on T. variabilis nymphs in Brazil.

Attractiveness of Host Plant Volatile Extracts to the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is Reduced by Terpenoids from the Non-Host Cashew

Diaphorina citri is a vector of the bacterial causative agent of Huanglongbing (HLB = Citrus greening), a severe disease affecting citrus crops. As there is no known control for HLB, manipulating insect behaviour through deployment of semiochemicals offers a promising opportunity for protecting citrus crops. The behavioural responses of D. citri to plant volatiles, and the identity of these plant volatiles were investigated. Volatiles were collected from host plants Murraya paniculata, Citrus sinensis, C. reshni, C. limettioides, Poncirus trifoliata, and from non-host plants Psidium guajava, Mangifera indica, Anacardium occidentale. In behavioural assays, female D. citri spent more time in the arms containing volatiles from either M. paniculata or C. sinensis compared to the control arms. When D. citri was exposed to volatiles collected from A. occidentale, they preferred the control arm. Volatiles emitted from the other studied plants did not influence the foraging behaviour of D. citri. Chemical analyses of volatile extracts from C. sinensis, M. paniculata, and A. occidentale revealed the presence of the terpenoids (E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7–triene (DMNT) and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT) in higher amounts in A. occidentale. In further behavioural bioassays, female D. citri spent less time in arms containing a synthetic blend of DMNT and TMTT compared to the control arms. Female D. citri also spent less time in arms containing the synthetic blend in combination with volatile extracts from either M. paniculata or C. sinensis compared to the control arms. Results suggest that higher release of the two terpenoids by A. occidentale make this species unattractive to D. citri, and that the terpenoids could be used in reducing colonisation of citrus plants and therefore HLB infection.

Infestação de Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em genótipos de mamoeiro em Petrolina, Estado de Pernambuco

This work aimed at identifying the whitefly species attacking papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants in Petrolina, Pernambuco State, Brazil, and at evaluating the influence of papaya genotypes on insect infestation. Four monthly evaluations were done to estimate the number of eggs and nymphs on eighteen papaya genotypes. Two leaves per genotype, a new leaf and an old one, were removed at each evaluation. The whitefly species was identified as Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance). Eggs were found mostly on the terminal and median sections of the new leaves. On the old leaves, eggs and nymphs were mainly present on the proximal and median sections, respectively. The egg numbers were statistically higher on the new leaves of the genotypes CMF-012, CMF-022, CMF-023 and CMF-047. On the old leaves the nymph numbers were the highest on CMF-022, CMF-023 and CMF-047, differing significantly from CMF-012, CMF-020, CMF-021 and CMF-034. In these, infestations were moderate comparing to the remaining genotypes studied, which presented low nymph populations. Sunrise Solo and Tainung no1 presented low populations of eggs and nymphs of T. variabilis. In synthesis, papaya genotypes influenced differently the whitefly infestation, and the structure of the pest population varied according to leaf age.

Torta de mamona no controle da broca-do-rizoma (Cosmopolites sordidus) em bananeira-Terra

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of castor bean pie on the infestation by Cosmopolites sordidus and on the development of banana plants cv. Terra. To observe the dose-response relationship, each treatment focused on a different dosage of castor bean pie (0 g, 12 g, 15 g, 18 g, 24 g) applied every two months to the banana plants, starting from the planting date. The experimental design was completely randomized with ten replicates. Plant vegetative growth was evaluated by measuring plant height, pseudostem diameter, and counting alive (or green) leaves. The infestation of plants was undertaken by using 25 adults of C. sordidus per plant. Six months after planting, the percentage of damage caused was scored on rhizomes and the number of adults (alive and died), larvae, and pupae was registered. Absorbance related to the leaf chlorophyll content was also determined by a chorophyllometer. In plants treated with castor bean pie there was a low infestation of the banana weevil borer. Vegetative growth and absorbance were also positively affected by applying castor bean pie. Therefore, castor bean pie reduces C. sordidus population in rhizomes of bananas cv. Terra, improving vegetative growth and chlorophyll content in leaves.

Transmission of entomopathogenic fungi on banana weevil control

The aim of this study was to assess the transmission of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana among adults of banana weevil ( Cosmopolites sordidus ) in the ?eld. C. sordidus healthy adults were marked and released on the basis of banana plants. Two days later insects marked and inoculated with the entomopathogenic fungus were released in the same area. Pseudostem traps were placed at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days for recover of released insects and to evaluate the mortality. It was observed that 3.7% of the non inoculated insects died due to pathogen infection caracterizing B. bassiana transmission between inoculated and healthy insects due to an increase in natural pre-existing prevalescence that was 0.3% of infected insects.