Marília Facó Soares

Hierarquia referencial em línguas Tupi

Resumo: Algumas linguas da familia Tupi-Guarani apresentam uma Hierarquia Referencial que ocorre no nivel morfo-sintatico, na forma de prefixos verbais que especificam o sujeito ou objeto. E esta Hierarquia Referencial que determina a ocorrencia de prefixos verbais de pessoa, nestas linguas. Estudos recentes em universais linguisticos (Hawkinson & Hyman (1974); Foley (1976); Silventein (1977)) propoem a existencia de uma hierarquia natural de topico. Baseados nestes estudos tentamos encontrar evidencias para o mecanismo da referida hierarquia em outras linguas da familia Tupi-Guarani e em certas linguas que pertencem a outras familias do ramo Tupi. Na conclusao do trabalho, formula-se a hipotese da existencia de uma Hierarquia Referencial em estagios mais antigos das linguas discutidas — isto e, em Proto-Tupi —, o que fornece uma explicacao para as mudancas que estao ocorrendo em seu estagio atual. Abstract: Certain languages of the Tupi-Guarani family present a Referential Hierarchy which occurs at the morphosyntactic level in the form of verbal prefixes that specify the subject or object. It is this Referential Hierarchy that determines the occurrence of personal verbal prefixes in those languages. Recent studies on linguistic universals (Hawkinson & Hyman (1974); Foley (1976); Silverstein (1977)), propose the existence of a natural topic hierarchy and provide evidence for the mechanism of the referred hierarchy in other languages of the Tupi-Guarani family and in certain languages which belong to other families of theTupi stock. In the conclusion of the paper the hypothesis of the existence of a Referential Hierarchy in previous stages of the languages discussed — i.e., in Proto-Tupi —, is formulated which provides an explanation for the shifts taking place in their present stage.

A estrutura da oração em línguas indígenas brasileiras

Compara-se neste artigo um conjunto de fatos relacionados a interface sintaxe/morfologia em quatro linguas indigenas brasileiras, a saber, Kuikuro, Guarani, Karaja e Tikuna. Investiga-se o papel das categorias funcionais na derivacao da estrutura basica da oracao nessas linguas. Discutem-se os problemas que se colocam para a linearizacao da ordem SOV, propondo-se analises alternativas.

Comparação de aspectos da gramática em línguas indígenas brasileiras

This paper compares a set of interrelated phenomena concerning the syntax/morphology interface in four brazilian indigenous languages: Kuikuro, Guarani, Karaja and Tikuna. The linearization of the SOV word order is discussed following Chomsky (1993) and Kayne (1993). Clitics, auxiliaries and functional categories are also examined, allowing a preliminary comparative overview on the structure of the clause in the languages.

As hipóteses de Aryon Rodrigues: validade, valor e papel no cenário dos estudos de línguas indígenas e de linguística histórica

The present paper proposes an evaluation of some of the most important hypotheses of Aryon Rodrigues, whose work stands to this day among the greatest references in the study of the languages and the linguistics of Native South America, in both sides of the Atlantic, besides spanning six decades of the last century and the fi rst decades of the present one. In doing so, we take as our starting point the state of the art in the studies of historical linguistics and of the South American indigenous languages. Included within the scope of this review are hypotheses such as that of a genetic relation between the Tupi stock and the Karib family (‘Tupi-Karib hypothesis’; Rodrigues 1985a, 2003b, 2007a) and the suggestions of an even more inclusive grouping that would cluster the Macro-Je stock as well, along with Tupi and Karib, in a single phylum-like group. The scientifi c import of such hypotheses, and the consequent role they have played in the broader landscape of the studies of indigenous languages, in particular of the historical comparative investigation of these languages, are brought to fore. Our attention here is aimed at the details of the argumentation and the methodological rigor behind each of the proposals put forward by Rodrigues, whether the hypotheses in question relate to the establishment of particular genetic groupings, to the postulation of particular diachronic developments or to the phonetic and phonological underpinning of these patterns. The latter in particular are inherently fraught with consequences for the study of language change and, for this reason, provide a thoroughly original take on some of the major issues in phonological theory (Rodrigues 1981, 1986a, 2003c). Rodrigues’ works on the internal classifi cation of the Tupi-Guarani family (Rodrigues 1945, 1958, 1978, 1985b), the reconstruction of proto-Tupi (Rodrigues 1966, 1980, 2005, 2007b; Rodrigues, Cabral & Silva 2006; Rodrigues & Dietrich 1997; Hanke, Swadesh & Rodrigues 1958) and the establishment of a Macro-Je stock (Rodrigues 1986b, 1992, 1999, 2000b) are given special attention as witnesses to his command, and thoughtful application, of the comparative method. By way of this review of the scientific merit, place and legacy of Rodrigues’ hypotheses in the fi elds of historical and synchronic linguistics of the indigenous languages of South America, we hope to characterize and portray, with some amount of detail and supported by a balanced and enlightened evaluation, his career as a leading language scientist.

Língua/linguagem e tradução cultural: algumas considerações a partir do universo Ticuna

Este artigo segue os desenvolvimentos formais recentes da gramatica de cunho chomskyano, que leva em conta os sistemas cognitivos com os quais a linguagem faz interface. Situado no universo Ticuna e na sua expressao por meio da lingua Ticuna, tem por objetivo mostrar que alguns dominios da gramatica podem se articular com o conhecimento enciclopedico pensado como conhecimento extralinguistico. Aponta para novas perspectivas de estudo entre cultura e lingua e relaciona a analise ao campo da producao de sentido. A guisa de conclusao, sugere que o estudo de significados especiais possuidos por determinadas expressoes linguisticas sao um bom caminho para entender ou buscar entender questoes de traducao/interpretacao.