Marilis Dallarmi Miguel

Obstáculos da atenção farmacêutica no Brasil

A Atencao Farmaceutica, entendida como um modelo de pratica profissional desenvolvida no contexto da assistencia farmaceutica, de acordo com a proposta de Consenso Brasileiro de Atencao Farmaceutica, possui por finalidade aumentar a efetividade do tratamento medicamentoso, concomitante a deteccao de problemas relacionados a medicamentos (PRMs). Compoe uma pratica que vem sendo gradualmente aplicada em numero crescente de farmacias comunitarias em diversas regioes, porem ainda como projetos individuais, enfrentando diversas dificuldades na sua incorporacao, em parte devido ao desconhecimento e despreparo dos profissionais, bem como por certa rejeicao por parte de proprietarios de farmacias. Nesse contexto, realizou-se uma pesquisa com caracteristica participativa, por meio de entrevista com questoes abertas a farmaceuticos e proprietarios de farmacia no Municipio de Curitiba, na qual houve interacao das ideias, com o proposito de estabelecer permuta de informacoes sobre o referido conhecimento. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que a implantacao da Atencao Farmaceutica enfrenta obstaculos que incluem o vinculo empregaticio do profissional farmaceutico e a rejeicao do programa por gerentes e proprietarios das farmacias, alem da inseguranca e desmotivacao por parte dos farmaceuticos, decorrente de elevada carga labutaria e falta de tempo para dedicar-se ao atendimento, alem da concorrencia dos balconistas em busca de comissoes sobre vendas. Constata-se a necessidade de estimular a atuacao profissional, principalmente de academicos e egressos profissionais, o que pode representar um primeiro passo ao sucesso da Atencao Farmaceutica e a abertura por parte dos empresarios, uma vez que a sociedade comeca a reconhecer a importância do atendimento realizado pelo farmaceutico.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of plant extracts traditionally used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders

The antibacterial activity of plant extracts obtained from Bixa orellana L., Chamomilla recutita L., Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., Malva sylvestris L., Plantago major L. and Rheum rhaponticum L. has been evaluated against two reference strains and eleven clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. All the plant species chosen are used in popular Brazilian cuisine and folk medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Initial screening was made by the disk diffusion test and then minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the agar dilution method. The results presented in this work demonstrated that among the plant preparations analyzed, B. orellana L., C. recutita L., I. paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. and M. sylvestris L. were capable of inhibiting the in vitro growth of H. pylori.

Estudo preliminar da atividade antibacteriana das cascas de Erythrina velutina Willd., Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

Erythrina velutina is popularly known as suina, mulungu, corticeira, mulungu-da-catinga among others. Of the several species spread around the world about twelve are found in Brazil. Mainly in the Brazilian northeast the bark is used due to its sudorific, sedative, emollient, pectoral and topical anesthetic properties. Considering that there are no studies about the antibacterial potential of Erythrina velutina, this research aimed at evaluating, at least preliminarily, bark activity against eight pathogenic bacteria. The crude ethanol extract was tested by the disk diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the hexane fraction by the disk diffusion method. Both samples demonstrated activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The results pointed to the viability of future research on other fractions and substances isolated from Erythrina velutina in search for new rational therapeutic alternatives based on natural sources.

Determinação do conteúdo fenólico e avaliação da atividade antioxidante de Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don, Leguminosae-mimosoideae

Acacia species are usually used as treatment for several diseases. Chemotaxonomic studies have related the Acacia genus as a source of phenolic compounds, which present several biological properties. This work emphasizes the antioxidant activity of Acacia podalyriifolia. This plant is natural from Australia and vastly cultivated in the South of Brazil as ornamental feature. The plant material (flowers) was shadow-dried and submitted to the extraction with ethanol, followed by partition with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The phytochemical screening performed in the ethanol crude extract and in its fractions showed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Determination of the phenolic content was performed with the Folin Ciocalteau reagent. It was found out that the ethyl acetate fraction (FAE) was the one that displayed the biggest concentration (338,5 mg of gallic acid/g of FAE). In the evaluation of the radical scavenging activity, using the free radical DPPH, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3,22 µg/mL from FAE).

Phytochemical constituents and preliminary toxicity evaluation of leaves from Rourea induta Planch. (Connaraceae)

Most active plants are toxic at high doses and it is therefore important to investigate the preliminary toxicity of plant extracts. The Rourea induta species is a potential drug with no phytochemical or biological studies registered in the literature. Thus, a phytochemical study and a toxicity analysis of the ethanolic extract obtained from the leaves of Rourea induta Planch., Connaraceae, was run. A long chain hydrocarbon, n-tetracosane, and four flavonoids were identified: quercetin, and three glycosylated derivates, quercetin-3-O-α-arabinofuranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-xyloside and quercetin-3-O-β-galactoside. This is the first time these have been isolated in this species. The structures were elucidated by 13C NMR, 1H NMR, UV and IR spectroscopy. The toxicity evaluation of extracts was performed by the brine shrimp method and determination of hemolytic activity. The samples demonstrated no toxic potential by the analyzed methods.

Termoestabilidade de processos extrativos de Nasturtium officinale R. Br., Brassicaceae por sistema Soxhlet modificado

This work had as objective verified the term-stability of the Soxhlet modified system with analytical and pharmacothecnical application in extractive processes of Nasturtium officinale. It has proven that the process is thermo-stable. The analysis with analytical have determined 3.606 mg g-1 in chlorogenic acid and 11.813 mg g-1 in rutin (extract 1:20 w/v) and with pharmacotecnical 3.427 mg g-1 in chlorogenic acid and 11.278 mg g-1 in rutin (extract 1:6 w/v). The income of the pharmacothecnical process was inferior to the analytical, suggesting that the pharmacothecnical process would need of at least the double of time in each extraction system.

Contribuição ao estudo alelopático de Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reiss., Celastraceae

Utilizando-se extratos etanolicos de Maytenus ilicifolia obtidos com material vegetal seco em diferentes temperaturas, fez-se ensaio alelopatico utilizando sementes de Lactuca sativa. Observou-se que a temperatura de secagem do material vegetal e um agente modificador de atividade alelopatica.

Production and characterization of alginate-starch-chitosan microparticles containing stigmasterol through the external ionic gelation technique

O estigmasterol, um fitoesterol com diversas atividades farmacologicas, e suscetivel a oxidacao quando exposto ao ar, calor e umidade. Neste contexto, a microencapsulacao e uma forma de protecao contra oxidacao, permitindo a incorporacao do estigmasterol em diversas formas farmaceuticas e aumentar sua absorcao. As microparticulas foram obtidas por gelificacao ionica externa, em uma etapa, utilizando como revestimento polimeros naturais de alginato de sodio, amido de milho e quitosana. As microparticulas apresentaram formato esferico com tamanho aproximado de 1,4 mm. O rendimento foi de 94,87% e a eficiencia media de encapsulacao de 90,42%. A quantidade de estigmasterol no oleo recuperado das microparticulas foi de 9,97 mg/g. O metodo mostrou-se viavel para a microencapsulacao do estigmasterol.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extracts, fractions and isolated substances from the flowers of Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don

Os extratos e fracoes de Acacia podalyriifolia foram analisados previamente para a atividade antibacteriana atraves da difusao em disco e as propriedades antioxidantes foram verificadas pela determinacao da capacidade removedora do radical livre DPPH e pela mensuracao do conteudo de fenolicos totais (Metodo de Folin). O presente estudo descreve as atividades antibacteriana (determinacao da concentracao inibitoria minima) e antioxidante (especies reativas do acido tiobarbiturico - teste TBARS) para o extrato etanolico e as fracoes diclorometano e acetato de etila e para duas flavanonas (naringenina e 5-β-D-glicosil-naringenina) isoladas das flores de Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don. As flavanonas naringenina e 5-β-D-glicosil-naringenina ainda nao haviam sido obtidas desta especie. A atividade antibacteriana mais efetiva foi observada com a fracao acetato de etila (CIM=0,25 mg/mL contra Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538; CIM=0,125 mg/mL, contra Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12229; CIM=0,5 mg/mL contra Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 e Proteus mirabilis ATCC 43071). As amostras avaliadas demonstraram atividade pelo teste TBARS, especialmente o extrato etanolico (1000 ppm), que foi o mais ativo (29,43% ± 0.65), seguido pela fracao acetato de etila (1000 ppm, 24,84% ± 1,28), ambos demonstrando atividade mais elevada que a apresentada pelo acido ascorbico (1000 ppm, 21,73% ± 1,77), ainda que menor que a do BHT (1000 ppm, 35,15% ± 3,42), ambas substâncias de referencia. Naringenina e 5-β-D-glicosil-naringenina demonstraram acao antioxidante, porem somente a naringenina inibiu o crescimento de bacterias gram-positivas e gram-negativas.

Contribuição ao estudo alelopático de Erythrina velutina Willd: , Fabaceae

This work has used ethanol extract and respective fractions from Erythrina velutina in allelophatic rehearsal with seeds from Lactuca sativa. It was observed that, except for the ethyl acetate fraction, the ethanol extract and fractions has been capable to influence the germination and growth of the seeds from L. sativa.