Marilyn Palmer

Industrial archaeology : principles and practice

The Scope of Industrial Archaeology. Landscapes and Townscapes. Buildings. Structures and Machinery. Field Techniques. Documentary Research. Industrial Archaeology in Practice. Cultural Resource Management of the Industrial Heritage in Britain.

Industry in the Landscape, 1700-1900

Acknowledgements Preface 1. The Location of Industry in the Landscape 2. Providing the Necessities of Life 3. Fuel and Power for Industry 4. Metals in the Service of Man 5. Clothing the People 6. Building and Servicing the Community 7. Moving Around: Roads, Rivers, Canals and Railways 8. The Industrial Landscape: Past, Present and Future Bibliography

Understanding the Workplace: A Research Framework for Industrial Archaeology in Britain

Abstract The papers in this volume arose from a conference organised by The Association for Industrial Archaeology (AIA) in Nottingham in June 2004, with the support of English Heritage, which had the explicit intention of formulating a research framework for industrial archaeology in the 21st century. Most have been written by those professionally involved in archaeology, which in itself indicates the massive step forward that industrial archaeology has taken in the last half-century from its beginnings as a largely volunteer movement. The recent designation of British World Heritage Sites such as Blaenavon in South Wales, New Lanark in Scotland, two textile-based sites in England, the Derwent Valley of Derbyshire and Saltaire in West Yorkshire, and most recently Liverpool — Maritime Mercantile City, has emphasised the international importance of Britains contribution to the processes of industrialisation. For all these sites, the designations have taken account not just of the technological innovations which many of them represent but also the social context of the process of industrialisation, expressed through settlement patterns and material culture. The invited papers at the Nottingham conference were explicitly intended to explore this social agenda, which is of paramount importance in our efforts to examine the process of transition from an agrarian to an industrial society through the archaeological remains of the early modern period. This volume contains the results of that decision and is intended to demonstrate how far industrial archaeology (or whatever we choose to call it) is now a fully recognised element within mainstream archaeology.

Handloom weaving in Wiltshire and Gloucestershire in the 19th century: the building evidence

Abstract This paper reviews the building evidence for the survival of the home as workplace in 19th-century Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. Handloom weaving prospered rather than declined in the immediate aftermath of the introduction of mechanized spinning, and this prosperity is reflected in the numbers of purpose-built houses containing weaving shops in these two counties. Most were built not by the weavers or clothiers, but by people outside the textile industry as a source of income. The authors have attempted to classify the surviving stock of handloom weavers’ houses into a number of types and to account for their distribution. Documentary evidence has been utilized to determine for how long handloom weaving survived in a domestic context, and it is suggested that in some areas the domestic handloom remained in active use for at least 40 years after the first introduction of the power loom into Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. The paper is therefore a contribution to the archaeology of resistance, showing how this particular group of artisans cherished their illusory independence and resisted integration into the factory system for as long as possible.

Industrial Archaeology and the Archaeological Community: Fifty Years On

Abstract This paper is an expanded version of the annual Beatrice de Cardi lecture presented at the Council for British Archaeologys weekend meeting held in October 2009 to celebrate both their involvement in the discipline of industrial archaeology and the 300th anniversary of the first successful smelting of coke by Abraham Darby at Coalbrookdale in 1609. It discusses in depth the CBAs championship of the fledgling discipline of industrial archaeology in the early 1960s, together with the highly significant but frequently neglected developments in Northern Ireland. The paper then considers the development of industrial archaeology in public and professional archaeology in the second half of the 20th century and concludes that the definition of industrial archaeology adopted by the CBA in 1959 helped to pave the way for its considerable growth in that period.

The archaeology of industry; people and places

Summary The development of industrial archaeology over the last 50 years can be traced through articles published in PMA. The early stages of recording the standing remains of industrial activity were augmented by detailed studies of groups of structures which revealed the organization of the manufacturing process. From the late 1980s, developer-funded excavations became important following extensive remediation work on brownfield sites. Greater attention was paid to the social context of past industrial activity including workers’ housing and institutional buildings, and this has continued with studies of oral history. New challenges considered include studies of modern technologies, de-industrialization and the digital revolution.

Home as workplace in nineteenth-century Wiltshire and Gloucestershire

Abstract The emphasis on the cataclysmic nature of industrialization espoused by mid-twentieth-century economic historians has more recently given way to a realisation that continuity was as important as discontinuity in the social and economic development of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Various branches of the textile industries provide good examples of such continuity. The purpose of this paper is to examine the documentary evidence to try to discover for how long handloom weaving survived in Wiltshire and Gloucestershire after the introduction of the power loom. It will also attempt to determine the motivation of a group of people who resisted being drawn into the factory system. The authors conclude that there is evidence that some homes remained workplaces at least until the 1870s in some villages, especially in Wiltshire.

GREATER MANCHESTER'S PAST REVEALED

In , the Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, led by Norman Redhead, instigated the production of a series of short booklets about the archaeology of the Manchester region which are a model of how the results of developer-funded archaeology can be made available to the general public. Following the closure of the Unit by the University of Manchester in , the Centre for Applied Archaeology at the University of Salford undertook to host the continued running of what became known as the Greater Manchester Archaeological Advisory Service, which acts as the archaeological curator for the ten Districts of Greater Manchester. Fortunately, the publication of these booklets has continued, with  of them published between  and . The volumes have been written and produced by various organisations, mostly by Oxford Archaeology, whose Lancaster-based staff at Oxford Archaeology North have undertaken the majority of the projects. However, all the booklets adhere to a uniform template, whichever organisation has produced them, and vary between  and  pages in length. They all seek to provide the historical context for the archaeological work undertaken and an understanding, where appropriate, of the industrial processes involved. The planning context of each archaeological investigation is considered in each volume, and a glossary of technical terms and a select bibliography are provided. All are heavily illustrated with maps, archive images and modern photographs of the work undertaken. Amazingly, their  price of £ has remained the same throughout the series. More than half of the series deals with the redevelopment of former industrial sites for modern retail or office use. No. , Piccadilly Place: Uncovering Manchester’s Industrial Origins (ISBN --- ()) was concerned with the archaeological work preceding the redevelopment of this central Manchester site, which revealed the remains of textile mills and workers housing, particularly the first textile mill in the area to be powered entirely by steam, founded by Peter Drinkwater in . No. , The Rock Triangle, Bury: the Archaeology of an Industrial Suburb (ISBN ---- ()) discussed the excavation of what had been a thriving industrial suburb of Bury with numerous textile mills, engineering works and iron foundries, small workshops and terraced workers’ housing. An archive aerial image of the area in  reveals an expanse of textile mills with large weaving sheds, and houses, chapels, churches and a school tucked in between. The archaeological work on No. , Iron and Steel in Openshaw: Excavating John Ashbury’s Carriage and Ironworks (ISBN ---- ()) was funded by Network Rail as part of the construction of the new Greater Manchester Operating Centre (ROC), one of  regional centres which will in future be responsible for signalling, and was undertaken by SLR Consulting of Aylesbury. Members of the Manchester Region Industrial Archaeology Society (MRIAS) worked alongside professional archaeologists and provided input on the interpretation of the structures uncovered, such as engine beds and boiler bases. A supplementary excavation of another part of the site was carried out in  by Oxford Archaeology, again with help from MRIAS. The scale of the remains uncovered was vast, and included the remains of the iron foundry which had both cupola and open hearth furnaces, together with a travelling crane and turntables from a private railway line within the works. The illustrations in this booklet show just what can be discovered by excavation and gives some idea of the sheer scale of former heavy industrial enterprises, something that it is often very difficult to get across to a modern generation accustomed to more compact computer-driven industries. Two of the booklets are concerned with the remediation works necessary for redevelopment on sites previously considered to have been contaminated. Both sites were part of the major redevelopment project associated with the complex known as Sportcity for the  Commonwealth Games, and subsequent activity around what has become the stadium for Manchester City Football Club. No. ,

Forty years of Industrial Archaeology Review: A Personal View

ABSTRACT This article presents a personal view of the origins and development of Industrial Archaeology Review in the 40th volume of its publication. This is preceded by an account of the earlier journals to publish articles on industrial archaeology, as well as a brief account of such articles in the sister journal, Post-Medieval Archaeology. A short history of Industrial Archaeology Review is included for future reference purposes. The range of authors contributing to the journal is considered, from the volunteers in local industrial archaeology societies to the professional archaeologists of the later period. Attention is given to the importance of the publication of the annual Rolt Memorial Lectures, as well as the occasional themed issues where articles on specific topics have been grouped together. Finally, the article suggests how best use can be made, in this article and in the journal generally, of the advantages of digitisation.

What the Victorians Threw Away

This latest CBA Practical Handbook forms part of the CBA-led project to record the physical legacy of the First World War on the Home Front in the UK. As such it provides guidance on researching the Home Front and, with contributions from more than  authors, authoritative background information for anyone interested in identifying and recording its remains, from practice trenches to works by conscientious objectors to Homes fit for Heroes. The WW Physical Legacy of the Home Front community engagement project is supported by Historic England, Historic Environment Scotland and CADW, and complements the Defence of Britain Project, which ran from April  to March  under the auspices of the CBA. The database of the latter, on completion, comprised nearly , th-century military sites in the United Kingdom recorded by some  volunteers and, though now closed, greatly informed the responsible heritage agencies at both local and national level with a view to the future preservation of surviving structures of the th-century militarized landscape. The Defence of Britain focused primarily on preparations for, and the waging of, WW, as originally little evidence of the First World War was thought to survive in the United Kingdom itself. However, recent surveys have shown that much does indeed remain — hence the justification for the present project. The Home Front in Britain – is very much a companion to the ongoing project and hence differs from the CBA’s Practical Handbook No.  Industrial Archaeology which was edited by Marilyn Palmer et al and published in . The latter was the outcome of a series of day schools run by the CBA and the AIA and funded by a capacity building grant from English Heritage to train volunteers to recognize significant features of industrial sites and thus to make informed comment in the planning processes. Home Front, on the other hand, is aimed a wide audience that wishes to learn more about the domestic and local impact of the First World War. As Dan Snow (CBA President) anticipates in his Foreword, ‘enjoy this book, it will unlock a million stories of normal people, places and buildings’. The authors contributing to Home Front read like a Who’s Who of conflict studies: introduced by Wayne Cocroft (munitions manufacture, air balloons, etc) and a clutch of his erstwhile English Heritage colleagues, including Mark Dunkley (marine wrecks), Jeremy Lake (airfields), John Schofield (introduction), Paul Stamper (agriculture), Roger J.C. Thomas (antiinvasion defences, etc), they concisely summarize their expertize developed over the last  years of corporate interest in military matters. As do Geoffrey Stell on Scapa Flow, Paul Brown and Ian Buxton on the naval bases and shipyards and Frances Morton on cemeteries and war memorials. Transport is covered by Geoff Appleby (railways) and Wendy Freer (waterways), and communications and intelligence by Elizabeth Bruton, while the evidence of social impact is provided by Helen Caffrey on affordable housing, farms and welfare buildings, by Sarah Tunnicliffe on village halls, by Julie Anderson on hospitals and by Jonathan Trigg on commemoration. The excavation of artefacts and training trenches is covered by Martin Brown, while the evidence of the rather mixed war experience in Ireland is handled sensitively by Heather Montgomery. The book, which is extensively illustrated with both archive and modern images, comprises seven chapters: The Archaeology of the Home Front; Military Preparations and Training; Life on the Home Front; Coast and Sea; Air; Commemoration; and Afterword with Sources and Bibliography. Each chapter has several subsections with key exemplar sites and hence it is a book to be dipped into rather than read narratively. As the publishers blurb asserts: