Marina Gabriela Monteiro Carvalho Mori da Cunha

Estimulação elétrica neuromuscular de média freqüência (russa) em cães com atrofia muscular induzida

The medium frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) (Russa) or Kotz is designed for recuperation of muscle mass in dogs with muscular atrophy in disuse. This study aims to utilize medium frequency NMES on the femoral quadriceps of dogs with induced muscular atrophy and evaluate the occurrence of gain in mass. Eight dogs in two groups denominated GI, or control, and GII, or treated were used. For the induction of muscular atrophy, the left femoral-tibial-patellar joint was immobilized for 30 days. NMES treatment began 48 hours after the removal of the immobilization device on dogs from group II and was carried out three times per week, with an interval of 48 hours between each session, during 60 days. The following parameters were measured: thigh perimeter, goniometry of the knee, creatine kinase (CK) enzymes and morphometry of the muscular fibers in transversal cuts of the vastus lateralis muscle, collected through a muscular biopsy. EENM was utilized on the femoral quadriceps at a frequency of 2500 Hz, with pulse duration of 50%, and the time on/off was at a proportion of 1:2. There was no significant difference between the thigh perimeter and the activity of enzyme CK between groups I and II. As for the goniometry a significant increase (P<0,05) was observed among 0 and 30 days after the immobilization in group II. As for the morphometry of the fibers of the vastus lateralis, a significant increase (P<0,05) was observed in the transversal area of the treated group on the 90th day when compared with that observed at the time of immobilization and among the groups, group II presented a greater transversal area (P<0.05) on the 90th day. The medium frequency NMES brings about a hypertrophy of the vastus lateralis muscle in dogs after induced muscular atrophy.A estimulacao eletrica neuromuscular (EENM) de media frequencia (Russa) ou de Kotz pode ser empregada para a recuperacao de massa muscular em animais apresentando atrofia muscular por desuso. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi empregar a EENM de media frequencia no quadriceps femoral de caes com atrofia muscular induzida, avaliando-se a ocorrencia de ganho de massa. Foram utilizados oito caes em dois grupos denominados de GI ou controle e de GII ou tratado. Para a inducao da atrofia muscular, a articulacao femoro-tibio-patelar esquerda foi imobilizada por 30 dias. Apos 48 horas da remocao, foi realizada a EENM nos caes do grupo II, tres vezes por semana, com intervalo de 48 horas cada sessao, pelo periodo de 60 dias. Foram avaliadas a mensuracao da perimetria da coxa, da goniometria do joelho, as enzimas creatina-quinase (CK) e morfometria das fibras musculares em cortes transversais do musculo vasto lateral, colhido mediante a biopsia muscular. A EENM foi empregada no musculo quadriceps femoral numa frequencia de 2.500Hz, largura de pulso de 50% e relacao de tempo on/off de 1:2. Nao houve diferenca significativa quanto aos valores de perimetria da coxa e a atividade da enzima CK entre os grupos I e II. Na goniometria, houve diminuicao significativa (P<0,05) da amplitude articular apos a remocao do aparelho de fixacao externa somente nos animais do grupo II, em comparacao a com tempo zero. Quanto a morfometria das fibras do musculo vasto lateral, foram notados valores maiores de area das fibras no grupo Tratado, em relacao ao Controle (P<0,05), no dia 90, e, no grupo Tratado, entre os dias zero e 90. A EENM de media frequencia ocasiona hipertrofia do musculo vasto lateral em caes apos a atrofia muscular induzida.

Reabilitação em cães submetidos a artroplastia do joelho

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a rehabilitation procedure in eight dogs undergone to arthroplasty followed by rigid immobilization of the knee joint. The dogs were alocated into a treated group (Group I) and a control group (Group II). After the removal of the biplanar external skeletal fixation device, the dogs from Group I were submitted to physical therapy during 15 days, that consisted of hydrotherapy, massage, passive movement of the knee joint, passive stretching and controlled walking exercises. The clinical evaluation of the knee and adjacent tissues of Group I showed less articular rigidity and thigh muscle contraction when compared with Group II. Ninety days after the operation, the evaluation of the range of motion demonstrated that the group of treated animals reached a greater extension (P<0.01). As for the evaluation of the march, all of the treated animals (n=4) reached a grade of V (functional use of the member), whereas of the control group, only one animal reached the same grade. According to the results, it can be concluded that the physical therapy procedure used in the dogs from Group I promotes the functional rehabilitation of use of the limb earlier then in the dogs from the group control. Physical therapy can be recommended in dogs undergoing arthroplasty of the knee followed by temporary rigid immobilization of the same joint.

Susbtituição do ligamento cruzado cranial por segmento teno-ósseo homólogo conservado em glicerina a 98%: estudo experimental em cães

In the present study, homologue bone-tendon implants conserved in 98% glycerin were used in the restoration of the cranial cruciate ligament in 24 adult dogs weighing between 15 and 30 kg. The implants were placed in a stratified layer prepared in the femur and the tibia and anchored with polyester filament fastened to the distal and proximal extremities of these bones, respectively. The knee joint was immobilized for a period of 30 days. The animals were distributed into two groups for radiographic, macroscopic and histological evaluation of the implant at 60 days after the operation for group B and at 90 days for group A. There was no evidence in any of the dogs of fragility of the implant, nor radiographic or macroscopic evidence of joint degeneration up to 90 days post-operative.

Estimulação elétrica neuromuscular em cães submetidos à imobilização rígida temporária da articulação fêmoro-tíbio-patelar

This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of low frequency on the vastus lateralis muscle. Eleven dogs were randomly placed in 3 groups: I (control), II (NMES post immobilization), and III (NMES during and post immobilization). The right femoral-tibial-patellar joint was immobilized for 30 days by the percutaneous transfixation type II method. The dogs from group III were placed on electrotherapy 3 times a week during (30 days) and post-immobilization (60 days) and the dogs from group II post-removal of the temporary rigid immobilization. The parameters evaluated consisted of: measurement of thigh circumference, joint motion using a goniometer, gait analysis, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and morphometry of the longitudinal muscle fibers of vastus lateralis muscle. The gait analysis was performed daily and the circumference of the thigh, joint motion, and muscle biopsy were performed on days 0, 30, 60 and 90 post-immobilization. The blood samples for CK and AST were collected before and immediately after 6, 24 and 48 hours post-NMES on days 0, 1, 7, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90. The NMES was employed on the femoral quadriceps muscle group with a frequency of 50Hz post-duration of 300msec on an on-time/off-time ratio of 1:2. There was no significant difference on the gait analysis, thigh circumference, joint motion, and CK and AST values. The greatest hypertrophy change was observed on longitudinal fibers of the dogs from group II (P=0.0005), followed by the dogs from group III. NMES of low frequency causes hypertrophy of the vastus lateralis muscle in dogs post-temporary immobilization of the stifle joint, recommending its use in animals with muscular atrophy.

Diferentes tempos de eletroestimulação neuromuscular (eenm) de média frequência (kotz) em cães

The aim of this study was to use medium frequency Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) in femoral quadriceps muscle of dogs with induced muscular atrophy to evaluate the occurrence of mass gain in these muscles and to compare NMES in different periods of treatment. Eight dogs, weighing between 15 and 25kg, were randomly placed in two groups: GI (NMES for 30min), GII, (NMES for 60min). For the muscular atrophy induction, the right knee was immobilized for 30 days by the percutaneous transfixation type II method. NMES was carried out in the dogs of which groups, three times a week, in between 48h each session, in a period of 60 days. The parameters measured were: thigh perimetry, knee goniometry, creatine kinase (CK) enzyme activity and morphometry of the muscular fibers in transversal cuts of the vastus lateralis muscle, collected through a muscular biopsy. There was no significant difference regarding the values of thigh perimetry and CK enzyme activity. The goniometry presented a significant increase (P<0.05) in the groups GI and GII at 30 days from the surgical procedure for immobilization when compared with time zero. In the vastus lateralis fibers morphometry, a significant increase (P<0.05) was observed in the transversal area of the treated groups GI e GII at 90 days from the surgical procedure for immobilization when compared with time zero. Thus, it can be concluded that NMES of medium frequency causes hypertrophy of the vastus lateralis muscle in dogs after induced muscular atrophy. NMES for 60min (GII) presents a greater muscular gain related to the GI.

Minimally Invasive Approach to Renal Artery Using Different Types of Catheter by Conventional Radiology

Background: Several routes of administration have been used for cell and gene therapy delivery in kidney disease in the last years. Moreover, a more homogenous distribution and a higher response was observed when administered intra-arterially. The main objective of the present study was to describe and to compare the use of Fogarty thru-lumen embolectomy catheter with angiographic catheter through the femoral artery by using conventional radiology as a guide. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven healthy dogs were used in these experiments. First, a Fogarty thru-lumen embolectomy catheter was introduced followed by an angiographic catheter. The primary outcome was the number of attempts for the placement of the introducer and the number of radiographic studies to carry out nephrography. Preceding the surgical procedure, ultrasonographic evaluation was performed in all animals in order to measure the diameter of the left and right femoral arteries, left and right renal and abdominal aorta at the renal level. After trichotomy and antisepsis of the medial face of the two pelvic limbs, the 6F valve introducer was placed based on the modified Seldinger technique. Thereafter, aortography was performed, showing its collateral arteries, with contrast injection, and it was estimated how much of the Fogarty 5,5F catheter had to be introduced. Subsequently, a guidewire was inserted through the catheter followed by the Fogarty catheter. Another x-ray was taken to show the position of the catheter. It was observed whether the catheter was positioned correctly and the cuff was filled, and then another contrasting radiograph was performed. If the contrast was not going to the kidneys, the cuff of the catheter was deflated, the catheter was repositioned and a new contrast radiography was performed. For the angiographic catheters technique, it was estimated how much of the catheter needed to be introduced, and then the curvature of the catheter was directed to the left kidney, followed by placement of the guidewire. The guidewire was then removed and X-rays were taken to confirm the position as many times as necessary for the correct positioning of the catheter. After selective catheterization of the left kidney, the catheter was removed and its tip was repositioned for catheterization of the right kidney, repeating the same procedure. After the radiographic evaluation, the 6F valve introducer was removed followed by the hemostasis of the femoral artery. In five out of seven animals it was possible to place the introducer tube 6F. Angiographic catheter technique needed significantly more radiographic films compared to Fogarty catheter when both arteries were evaluated. No significant difference was observed when compared to only one renal artery. The only complication observed was hematoma in three animals. Discussion: The access of the renal artery for drug delivery and cell therapy is possible using both Fogarty thru-lumen embolectomy catheter and angiographic catheter with conventional radiology as a guide in dogs over 10 kg. However, we considered the Fogarty catheter easier to be applied, since only one procedure is needed to access both renal arteries, thus making it less expensive and faster to run. If access to only one renal artery is required, the angiographic catheter is recommended, since cell therapy would be administered more selectively in the target kidney.