Marina Silva da Cunha

Evolução da desigualdade na distribuição dos salários no Brasil

The objective of this work is to investigate the evolution of the inequality in the wage distribution in the Brazilian labor market. The decomposition of that inequality indicated that the educational heterogeneity explains significant part of the total inequality, and the reduction of the differences on wages among the educational levels was one of the main explanations for the fall of the inequality in the distribution of wages. On the other hand, the amplification of the formal labor market has been contributing to increase the salary inequality. Finally, although fall is verified in the dispersion of the wages among the observed factors, the evidences point increase in the portion attributed to the non observed components.

EMPREGO E DESIGUALDADE DE RENDIMENTOS NO BRASIL: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DA ESTRUTURA DE OCUPAÇÕES

The objective of this paper is to discuss employment and earnings inequality among the occupations, also seeking to identify differences between men and women in employment structure. Considering the restructuring in the National Survey of Households (PNAD) in 2002 of the Brazilian Classification of Occupations (CBO), information from this year is compared to 2012. The employment changed between occupations, especially on one side, to the growth of those employed in science and arts and on the other hand, to the fall in employment of agricultural workers. In the individual analysis of each determinant, the survey results suggest a lower inequality as a whole and the part explained by the occupation, which has established itself as a major determinant of income inequality in Brazil. Women have the lowest income and level of inequality, and between occupations there are greater differences between them. Finally, it was established that the fall in yield spreads between occupations was due to improvement in other determinants, such as greater homogeneity in the human capital of individuals, who were more qualified, and the falls of differentials, inter-sector and between men and women.

Fecundidade e participação no mercado de trabalho brasileiro

This paper analyzes the determinants of fertility and participation of females in Brazils labor market. For such a purpose, we used the information from the national home sampling survey of IBGE, from 1995 to 2009, and the bivariate probit model. As expected, decreases in fertility were observed, as well as increased participation in the analyzed period. A negative effect of wages on the probability of fertility was also observed and a positive effect on the participation probability in the labor market. In addition, other control variables that affect the decisions of women were found including personal characteristics, condition in the family and place of residence. Furthermore, it was found that the effect of wages on fertility is higher in the lower tail of the distribution of household income, and that the inverse occurs in participation of women in the labor market.

Evidências sobre a vitimização no Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho e estudar o perfil das vitimas dos delitos de roubo/furto, tentativa de roubo/furto e agressao no Brasil. Alem disso, busca-se analisar possiveis alteracoes na vitimizacao do brasileiro de 1988 para 2009, com base nas informacoes da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD/IBGE) e na estimacao de modelos logite. Os resultados encontrados corroboram a teoria e mostram que fatores como atratividade da vitima, proximidade a potenciais ofensores, por exemplo, interferem nas chances de um individuo sofrer delitos. Constatou-se, em geral, uma maior homogeneidade das chances de vitimizacao para as caracteristicas pessoais dos individuos, mas uma maior heterogeneidade espacial no Pais, do final da decada de 1980 para o final da de 2000. Os resultados sugerem que categorias mais vulneraveis passam a ter maiores chances de vitimizacao, tais como mulheres e jovens, e que a proporcao de individuos vitimados no Pais aumentou. Palavras-chave: Teoria Economica do Crime, modelo logite, vitimizacao.

DETERMINATES DO DESEMPREGO NO BRASIL NO PERÍODO DE 1981 A 2005: uma análise enfatizando a qualificação do indivíduo em um contexto de maior abertura comercial

This paper presents the main determinants of the unemployment in Brazil between 1981 and 2005, focused on the effects of the education (skill) and on the trade openness. Another purpose is to verify the best theory to the Brazilian reality: the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson (HOS) model or the Skill-Biases Technological Change. The principal data source for this study is PNADs, from 1981 to 2005. Probit is the model used, having the individual condition to be or not unemployed as the dependent variable. One of the results is that the individual qualification is preponderant factor to determine unemployment in a context of larger trade openness with adoption of new technologies. Other individual characteristics as age, sex, home condition, geographical and metropolitan areas are also decisive for the probability unemployment. The results still point the importance of the economical growth to decrease unemployment. In the end, it the most appropriate model to explain the determinant of the unemployment in Brazil consists in the Technological Change with Inclination for Qualified Work.