Mario Luiz Vieira Castiglioni

Effectiveness of radiation synovectomy with samarium-153 particulate hydroxyapatite in rheumatoid arthritis patients with knee synovitis: a controlled randomized double-blind trial

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Samarium153-particulate hydroxyapatite radiation synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis patients with chronic knee synovitis. METHODS: Fifty-eight rheumatoid arthritis patients (60 knees) with chronic knee synovitis participated in a controlled double-blinded trial. Patients were randomized to receive either an intra-articular injection with 40 mg triamcinolone hexacetonide alone (TH group) or 40 mg triamcinolone hexacetonide combined with 15 mCi Samarium153-particulate hydroxyapatite (Sm/TH group). Blinded examination at baseline (T0) and at 1 (T1), 4 (T4), 12 (T12), 32 (T32), and 48 (T48) weeks post-intervention were performed on all patients and included a visual analog scale for joint pain and swelling as well as data on morning stiffness, flexion, extension, knee circumference, Likert scale of improvement, percentage of improvement, SF-36 generic quality of life questionnaire, Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Lequesne index, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or oral corticosteroids, events and adverse effects, calls to the physician, and hospital visits. RESULTS: The sample was homogeneous at baseline, and there were no withdrawals. Improvement was observed in both groups in relation to T0, but no statistically significant differences between groups were observed regarding all variables at the time points studied. The Sm/TH group exhibited more adverse effects at T1 (p<0.05), but these were mild and transitory. No severe adverse effects were reported during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Intra-articular injection of Samarium153-particulate hydroxyapatite (15 mCi) with 40 mg of triamcinolone hexacetonide is not superior to triamcinolone hexacetonide alone for the treatment of knee synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis at 1 y of follow-up.

Cognitive Deficits in Machado–Joseph Disease Correlate with Hypoperfusion of Visual System Areas

Cognitive and olfactory impairments have previously been demonstrated in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado–Joseph disease (MJD)—SCA3/MJD. We investigated changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging in a cohort of Brazilian patients with SCA3/MJD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation among rCBF, cognitive deficits, and olfactory dysfunction in SCA3/MJD. Twenty-nine genetically confirmed SCA3/MJD patients and 25 control subjects were enrolled in the study. The severity of cerebellar symptoms was measured using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale and the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia. Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The neuropsychological assessment consisted of Spatial Span, Symbol Search, Picture Completion, the Stroop Color Word Test, Trail Making Test (TMT), and Phonemic Verbal Fluency. Subjects were also submitted to odor identification evaluation using the 16-item Sniffin’ Sticks. SPECT was performed using ethyl cysteine dimer labeled with technetium-99m. SCA3/MJD patients showed reduced brain perfusion in the cerebellum, temporal, limbic, and occipital lobes compared to control subjects (pFDR <0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between the Picture Completion test and perfusion of the left parahippocampal gyrus and basal ganglia in the patient group as well as a negative correlation between the TMT part A and bilateral thalamus perfusion. The visuospatial system is affected in patients with SCA3/MJD and may be responsible for the cognitive deficits seen in this disease.

Memory Networks in Tinnitus: A Functional Brain Image Study

Tinnitus is characterized by the perception of sound in the absence of an external auditory stimulus. The network connectivity of auditory and non-auditory brain structures associated with emotion, memory and attention are functionally altered in debilitating tinnitus. Current studies suggest that tinnitus results from neuroplastic changes in the frontal and limbic temporal regions. The objective of this study was to use Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) to evaluate changes in the cerebral blood flow in tinnitus patients with normal hearing compared with healthy controls. Methods: Twenty tinnitus patients with normal hearing and 17 healthy controls, matched for sex, age and years of education, were subjected to Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography using the radiotracer ethylenedicysteine diethyl ester, labeled with Technetium 99 m (99 mTc-ECD SPECT). The severity of tinnitus was assessed using the “Tinnitus Handicap Inventory” (THI). The images were processed and analyzed using “Statistical Parametric Mapping” (SPM8). Results: A significant increase in cerebral perfusion in the left parahippocampal gyrus (pFWE <0.05) was observed in patients with tinnitus compared with healthy controls. The average total THI score was 50.8+18.24, classified as moderate tinnitus. Conclusion: It was possible to identify significant changes in the limbic system of the brain perfusion in tinnitus patients with normal hearing, suggesting that central mechanisms, not specific to the auditory pathway, are involved in the pathophysiology of symptoms, even in the absence of clinically diagnosed peripheral changes.

Lymphoscintigraphic analysis in chromoblastomycosis.

Background One of the main complications of chromoblastomycosis is lymphedema. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lymphatic system of the limbs of patients with chromoblastomycosis using lymphoscintigraphy. It is a reliable, objective and noninvasive means of supporting the diagnosis of lymphedema.

Lithium as an adjuvant in the postoperative ablation of remnant tissue in low-risk thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Thyroid remnant ablation (RA) with 30 mCi of radioactive iodine (131I) in patients thyroidectomized for treatment of low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) has a success rate of 64% to 84%. Lithium increases the residence time of 131I in the thyroid tissue. The aim of this study was to determine if lithium treatment added to 30 mCi 131I would enhance the success rate of this treatment compared with 30 mCi 131I alone in patients who were thyroidectomized for treatment of low-risk DTC. METHODS This was a randomized study with endpoint at one year. Sixty one consecutive patients were enrolled and randomized into two groups: group A (n=32) treated with 30 mCi 131I; group B (n=29) treated with 30 mCi 131I plus an oral dose of lithium 900 mg/day, for 7 days. All patients were evaluated by whole body scan (WBS) with 123I and had serum TSH, thyroglobulin (Tg), and anti-Tg antibodies (TgAb) determined when they were hypothyroid on no thyroid hormone. Patients were reevaluated after one year with serum TSH, Tg, and TgAb determinations and WBS with 123I. The criteria for defining a successful outcome was a negative WBS and a serum Tg of <1. RESULTS Group A was composed of 28 women and four men (ages 25-71 years) with 2 having follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), 22 having papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) of 1-4.5 cm, and 8 having micro PTCs (mPTC) of 0.3-0.8 cm. Group B was composed of 26 women and 3 men (ages 20-63 years) with 3 having FTC, 15 having PTC of 1.2-3.5 cm, and 11 having mPTC of 0.2-0.8 cm. All patients had a history of a WBS after their post-therapeutic 131I dose that showed uptake in the cervical region. After one year, 22 patients from group A had a negative WBS (68.75%) and in group B, 27 patients had a negative WBS (93.1%). The successful rates for the follow-up WBS were significantly different (p=0.017). There were 19 patients in group A in whom the initial Tg was positive. Of these, 14 had a negative follow-up Tg (73.7%). Group B had 9 patients with a positive initial Tg and all of them had a negative follow-up Tg (100%). CONCLUSION The addition of lithium to treatment with 30 mCi 131I in thyroidectomized patients with low-risk DTC improved the efficacy of thyroid RA and therefore might be a better alternative than using higher doses of 131I for remnant ablation in these patients.

Doença veno-linfática: alterações linfocintilográficas nas úlceras venosas

Contexto: O sistema linfatico tem papel relevante em qualquer tipo de edema periferico. Atualmente, a linfocintilografia e considerada o principal exame para diagnostico da doenca linfatica das extremidades. Embora haja associacao entre edema linfatico e ulcera de estase venosa cronica, a fisiopatologia dessas alteracoes permanece indefinida. Objetivo: Verificar as alteracoes linfocintilograficas qualitativas que ocorrem em pacientes portadores de ulceras de estase dos membros inferiores. Metodos: Quarenta pacientes portadores de ulcera de estase venosa cronica ou cicatriz unilateral foram submetidos a linfocintilografia de ambos os membros inferiores. Foram estudados 25 mulheres e 15 homens, com media de idade de 53,7 anos (28 a 79 anos) e tempo medio de ulcera de 71,5 meses (3 a 240 meses). Foram comparados qualitativamente os parâmetros linfocintilograficos dos membros inferiores, previamente classificados em tres grupos de acordo com a classificacao clinica, etiologica, anatomica e patologica (CEAP): I, membros sem sinais clinicos de doenca venosa ou com telangiectasias e veias reticulares (classes 0 e 1); II, membros inferiores com veias varicosas, edema e/ou alteracoes de pele e subcutâneo (classes 2, 3 e 4); III, membros inferiores com ulcera e/ou cicatriz (classes 5 e 6). Resultados: Quando foi comparada a presenca de alteracoes linfocintilograficas dos membros com ulcera ou cicatriz (grupo III - classes 5 e 6) com as dos membros sem ulcera (grupos I e II - classes 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4), houve diferenca significativa (p < 0,001). Estratificando os membros inferiores de acordo com a classificacao CEAP, tambem foi observada diferenca estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001), sendo as alteracoes linfocintilograficas presentes em 72,5% no grupo III (classes 5 e 6), 30,8% no grupo II (classes 2, 3 e 4) e 7,1% no grupo III (classes 0 e 1). Em relacao aos parâmetros analisados na linfocintilografia, ocorreu diferenca significativa entre o grupo III e os outros grupos quanto a retencao de radiofarmaco, adenomegalia inguinal e refluxo dermico. Nao houve significância nos parâmetros linfonodo popliteo e circulacao colateral. Conclusao: Considerando os resultados, conclui-se que quanto mais grave a estase venosa cronica, maiores serao as alteracoes linfocintilograficas observadas, corroborando a associacao entre doenca venosa e linfatica e entre linfedema secundario e estase venosa cronica.