Mark G. Bock

Bradykinin antagonists: new opportunities

The pro-inflammatory, pain producing, and cardiovascular effects of bradykinin B2 receptor activation are well characterized. Bradykinin B1 receptors also produce inflammation and pain. Therefore, antagonists are expected to be anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs. Other exploitable clinical opportunities may exist. The newly discovered non-peptide B2 receptor antagonists and the equivalent B1 receptor pharmacological agents, which are in the pipeline, are suitable preclinical tools to properly evaluate potential utilities.

In vitro studies on L-771,688 (SNAP 6383), a new potent and selective α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist

L-771,688 (SNAP 6383, methyl(4S)-4-(3, 4-difluorophenyl)-6-[(methyloxy)methyl]-2-oxo-3-[(¿3-[4-(2-pyridin yl)-1-piperidinyl]propyl¿amino)carbonyl]-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-5-pyrimidine carboxylate) had high affinity (Ki less than or = 1 nM) for [3H]prazosin binding to cloned human, rat and dog alpha1A-adrenoceptors and high selectivity (>500-fold) over alpha1B and alpha1D-adrenoceptors. [3H]Prazosin / (+/-)-beta-[125I]-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl-aminomethylteralone ([125I]HEAT) binding studies in human and animal tissues known to contain alpha1A and non-alpha1A-adrenoceptors further demonstrated the potency and alpha1A-subtype selectivity of L-771,688. [3H]L-771,688 binding studies at the cloned human alpha1A-adrenoceptors and in rat tissues indicated that specific [3H]L-771,688 binding was saturable and of high affinity (Kd=43-90 pM) and represented binding to the pharmacologically relevant alpha1A-adrenoceptors. L-771,688 antagonized norepinephrine-induced inositol-phosphate responses in cloned human alpha1A-adrenoceptors, as well as phenylephrine or A-61603 (N-[5-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2yl)-2-hydroxy-5,6,7, 8-terahydro-naphthlen-1-yl] methanesulfonamide hydrobromide) induced contraction in isolated rat, dog and human prostate, human and monkey bladder neck and rat caudal artery with apparent Kb values of 0.02-0.28 nM. In contrast, the contraction of rat aorta induced by norepinephrine was resistant to L-771,688. These data indicate that L-771,688 is a highly selective alpha1A-adrenoceptor antagonist.

Nonpeptide oxytocin antagonists: Analogs of L-371,257 with improved potency

Structure-activity studies on the oxytocin antagonist 1 (L-371,257; Ki = 9.3 nM) have led to the identification of a related series of compounds containing an ortho-trifluoroethoxyphenylacetyl core which are orally bioavailable and have significantly improved potency in vitro and in vivo, e.g., compound 8 (L-374,943; Ki = 1.4 nM).

Bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists : An α-hydroxy amide with an improved metabolism profile

A series of carbo- and heterocyclic alpha-hydroxy amide-derived bradykinin B1 antagonists was prepared and evaluated. A 4,4-difluorocyclohexyl alpha-hydroxy amide was incorporated along with a 2-methyl tetrazole in lieu of an oxadiazole to afford a suitable compound with good pharmacokinetic properties, CNS penetration, and clearance by multiple metabolic pathways.

Chapter 12. Bradykinin-1 receptor antagonists

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on bradykinin-1 receptor antagonists. The bradykinin receptor B1 and B2 subtypes are G-protein coupled receptors that are encoded by adjacent genes, BDKRB1 and BDKRB2 , on human chromosome 14. The bradykinin receptor subtypes are not highly related and are only slightly more similar to each other than to angiotensin receptors. BK and kallidin are equipotent in activating the bradykinin receptor B2 subtype, whereas DABK and DAK are inactive on this receptor. DABK and DAK activate the bradykinin B1 receptor, with BK and kallidin being less potent. Targeted disruption of the genes encoding the bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors in mice indicate that they are the only receptor subtypes that mediate the biological activity of kinin peptides. Species differences with respect to kinin peptides are apparent for the bradykinin B1 receptor as the affinity for the desArgkinin peptides differs significantly across species. The chapter discusses the role of bradykinin B1 receptors in pain and discusses peptide bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists and nonpeptide bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists.

Synthesis of 2,3-diaminodihydropyrroles via thioimidate cyclopropane rearrangement

The synthesis of novel 2,3-diaminodihydropyrroles is reported. The key step is a thiomethylimidate cyclopropane rearrangement to afford a pyrrolothiomethylimidate intermediate. Reaction of this intermediate with amines produced the title compounds in good yields. The scope and mechanism of the reaction is discussed.

Selective non-peptide ligands for an accommodating peptide receptor. Imidazobenzodiazepines as potent cholecystokinin type b receptor antagonists

A series of imidazobenzodiazepines, non-peptide antagonists of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), are described. Derived by chemical modification of the benzodiazepine ring system embedded within the CCK-B antagonist L-365,260, these compounds display CCK-B/CCK-A selectivity and some analogs have receptor binding affinities in the subnanomolar range. This group of novel imidazobenzodiazepines, among which N-[(2S,4R)-methyl-6-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2- alpha][1,4]benzodiazepin-4-yl]-N-[3-methylphenyl]-urea (12) is the principal compound, expands the structural diversity of the collection of non-peptide CCK-B antagonists and will be useful in further delineating the function of CCK in the central nervous system.

Benzolactams as non-peptide cholecystokinin receptor ligands

A series of 1,3-substituted benzolactams are reported which are nonpeptidal receptor ligands of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). These compounds are composites of potent, selective benzolactam CCK-A antagonists and unique structural elements which have been demonstrated to enhance the affinity of certain 1,4-benzodiazepine CCK-A antagonists for the CCK-B receptor.

Nonpeptide oxytocin antagonists : Potent, orally bioavailable analogs of L-371,257 containing a 1-R-(pyridyl)ethyl ether terminus

Structure-activity studies on the oxytocin antagonist 1 (L-371,257) have identified a new series of high affinity, receptor-selective OT antagonists in which the N-acetyl-4-piperidinyl ether terminus in 1 has been replaced with a 1-(aryl)ethoxy group.

A Second Generation of Non‐Peptide Cholecystokinin Receptor Antagonists and Their Possible Therapeutic Potential

The profile of an acidic series of benzodiazepine CCK-B receptor antagonists is described. The tetrazolyl urea derivative L-368,935 had high affinity (CCK-B IC50 0.1 nM) and was one of the most selective (CCK-B/CCK-A 10,000) CCK-B antagonists known. L-368,935 was a CCK-B antagonist with high affinity on the rat ventromedial hypothalamic slice preparation (Kb 0.6 nM) and also blocked pentagastrin-induced calcium mobilization in GH3 cells. L-368,935 had potent in vivo activity and antagonized pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion in the anesthetized rat and CCK-8S-induced aspartate release using microdialysis in the striatum of conscious rats. Activity within the central nervous system was confirmed by a mouse ex vivo binding assay and by direct measurement of the compound within the central nervous system using an HPLC assay. A second generation of CCK-B receptor antagonists such as L-368,935 will be important in determining the therapeutic potential of this class of compound in man.