Mark Hartswood

Co-Realization: Toward a Principled Synthesis of Ethnomethodology and Participatory Design

This paper calls for a respecification of IT systems design and development practice as co-realization. Co-realization is an orientation to technology production that develops out of a principled synthesis of ethnomethodology and participatory design. It moves the locus of design and development activities into workplace settings where technologies will be used. Through examples drawn from case studies of IT projects, we show how co-realization, with its stress on design-in-use and the longitudinal involvement by IT professionals in the “lived work” of users, helps to create uniquely adequate, accountable solutions to the problems of IT-organizational integration.

Towards a closer dialogue between policy and practice: responsible design in HCI

Given the potent and pervasive nature of modern technologies, this paper lays out the complexities involved in achieving responsible design. In order to do this we will first compare an emerging policy-oriented programme of research known as RRI (Responsible Research and Innovation) with initiatives in HCI. A focus on the similarities and differences may highlight to what extent responsibility is already and successfully embedded within the concerns and practices of design and use, and what may yet need to be incorporated for responsible design. The paper then discusses the challenges of naturalising the very ambitious programme of RRI within specific design activities and concerns, through the lens of four analytic concepts: reflexivity; responsiveness; inclusion; and anticipation. Finally, we make a case for a pragmatic, unromantic, but engaged reinterpretation of RRI for HCI.

Improving Productivity in Citizen Science through Controlled Intervention

The majority of volunteers participating in citizen science projects perform only a few tasks each before leaving the system. We designed an intervention strategy to reduce disengagement in 16 different citizen science projects. Targeted users who had left the system received emails that directly addressed motivational factors that affect their engagement. Results show that participants receiving the emails were significantly more likely to return to productive activity when compared to a control group.

Responsible research and innovation in the digital age

RRI requires doing the best science for the world, not only the best science in the world.

Towards the Ethical Governance of Smart Society

This chapter is concerned with how social order is established within collectives and the ethical problems that arise when we attempt to create and direct collectives towards particular ends. It draws on our work to establish governance principles for Smart Society—an EU project aiming to engineer Collective Adaptive Systems comprised of people and machines with diverse capabilities and goals that are able to tackle societal grand challenges. We examine how social values are implicated in and transformed by Collective Adaptive Systems, and suggest approaches to multilevel governance design that are responsive to emergent capabilities and sensitive to conflicting perspectives. Finally we illustrate our approach with a worked example of a sensor-based system in a care setting.

Privacy for Peer Profiling in Collective Adaptive Systems

In this paper, we introduce a privacy-enhanced Peer Manager, which is a fundamental building block for the implementation of a privacy-preserving collective adaptive systems computing platform. The Peer Manager is a user-centered identity management platform that keeps information owned by a user private and is built upon an attribute-based privacy policy. Furthermore, this paper explores the ethical, privacy and social values aspects of collective adaptive systems and their extensive capacity to transform lives. We discuss the privacy, social and ethical issues around profiles and present their legal privacy requirements from the European legislation perspective.

On Wayfaring in Social Machines

In this paper, we concern ourselves with the ways in which humans inhabit social machines: the structures and techniques which allow the enmeshing of multiple life traces within the flow of online interaction. In particular, we explore the distinction between transport and journeying, between networks and meshworks, and the different attitudes and modes of being appropriate to each. By doing this, we hope to capture a part of the sociality of social machines, to build an understanding of the ways in which lived lives relate to digital structures, and the emergence of the communality of shared work. In order to illustrate these ideas, we look at several aspects of existing social machines, and tease apart the qualities which relate to the different modes of being. The distinctions and concepts outlined here provide another element in both the analysis and development of social machines, understanding how people may joyfully and directedly engage with collective activities on the web.

Authority as an Interactional Achievement: Exploring Deference to Smart Devices in Hospital-Based Resuscitation

Over the years, healthcare has been an important domain for CSCW research. One significant theme carried through this body of work concerns how hospital workers coordinate their work both spatially and temporally. Much has been made of the coordinative roles played by the natural rhythms present in hospital life, and by webs of mundane artefacts such as whiteboards, post-it notes and medical records. This paper draws upon the coordinating role of rhythms and artefacts to explore the nested rhythms of the Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) protocol conducted to restore the proper heart rhythm in a patient who has suffered a cardiac arrest. We are interested in how the teams delivering CPR use various ‘smart’ assistive devices. The devices contain encoded versions of the CPR protocol and are able to sense (in a limited way) the situation in order to give instructions or feedback to the team. Using an approach informed by ethnomethodology and conversation analysis (EM/CA) we analysed video of trainee nurses using these devices as they delivered CPR in dramatized training scenarios. This analysis helped us to understand concepts such as autonomy and authority as interactional accomplishments, thus filling a gap in CSCW literature, which often glosses over how authority is formed and how it is exercised in medical teams. It also helps us consider how to respond to devices that are becoming more active in that they are being increasingly imbued with the ability to sense, discriminate and direct activity in medical settings.

Privacy and Social Values in Smart Cities

Privacy, a fundamental human right, is a key nonfunctional requirement to every electronic service and applications designed for smart societies. Informational privacy, the right of individuals to control information related to them, in smart societies is at the core of this chapter. A key aspect in the layout of smart societies and smart cities is the understanding and prediction of human behavior, which is nowadays fundamentally based on collecting and processing personal data. Hence, smart societies need to accommodate individuals’ rights and the data collection needs. We provide an overview of the existing models and techniques for protecting individuals’ privacy, such as privacy policies, transparency tools and anonymous communication systems, and discuss the needs and limitations of Privacy by Design (PbD) in the layout of smart societies and Internet of Things.

Surfacing Collective Intelligence with Implications for Interface Design in Massive Open Online Courses

The massive open online course (MOOC) has gained significant popularity in the last few years, garnering enrolment rates usually in the order of tens of thousands of teenagers and adults [16].With so many people congregating online to learn, harnessing the enrolled learners’ social collective intelligence (SCI) becomes a very real possibility. Moreover, the sorts of learner-leaner and learner-platform interactions needed to realise the MOOC as an SCI platform align strongly with educational paradigms such as constructivism [9];lending a pedagogical plausibility to using MOOCs in this way. Our study aims to capture how learners actively make the learning content within a MOOC relevant to their personal concerns. An analysis of 670 qualitative responses to an open-ended question in a live MOOC titled ‘Internet History, Technology, and Security’ [6]provides some understanding of the ‘relational work’. This helps us conceive of MOOC interface designs which simultaneously support SCI. With few theories existing which concern SCI and MOOCs, our empirical study is timely.