Mark R. Weimar

Evaluation of the flywheel potential for providing regulation service in California

Flywheel energy storage can provide ancillary services including regulation and frequency response to power grids. This study presents the technical characteristics, modeling approach, methodologies, and results for providing regulation services in the California Independent System Operator market. Breakeven cost analyses were developed for two cases: 1) the flywheel provides the regulation service alone and 2) the flywheel provides the regulation service aggregated together with a hydro power plant. For both cases, two payment methods were evaluated: pay-by-energy and pay-by-capacity. Based on the results of the technical and cost analyses, the opportunities for providing regulation services are discussed, field test results for the flywheels physical characteristics are presented, and performance metrics to evaluate the flywheels capability to provide the regulation services are proposed and evaluated.

The Wide-Area Energy Storage and Management System – Battery Storage Evaluation

This report presents the modeling approach, methodologies, and results of the sodium sulfur (NaS) battery evaluation study, which was conducted by Battelle for the California Energy Commission (CEC).

Cost Study for Manufacturing of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

Executive Summary Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power systems can be designed to produce electricity from fossil fuels at extremely high net efficiencies, approaching 70%. However, in order to penetrate commercial markets to an extent that significantly impacts world fuel consumption, their cost will need to be competitive with alternative generating systems, such as gas turbines. This report discusses a cost model developed at PNNL to estimate the manufacturing cost of SOFC power systems sized for ground-based distributed generation. The power system design was developed at PNNL in a study on the feasibility of using SOFC power systems on more electric aircraft to replace the main engine-mounted electrical generators [Whyatt and Chick, 2012]. We chose to study that design because the projected efficiency was high (70%) and the generating capacity was suitable for ground-based distributed generation (270 kW). The electricity costs for a mass manufactured solid oxide fuel cell could be competitive with centralized power production plants with costs estimated to be in the

An evaluation of the NaS battery storage potential for providing regulation service in California

0.07-0.08/kWh range based on a cost model using a standard approach to manufacturing solid oxide fuel cells. A process flow sheet was developed to understand the steps required to manufacture the units, as well as to estimate the materials, equipment, and labor required to make them. Equipment was sized to meet a production volume of 10,000 units per year. Appropriate material and equipment prices were collected. A sputtering approach was also examined using the model to project the decreases in costs associated with the process. The process not only reduces material costs but increases the power density of the fuel cell by 50%. The increased power density reduces the number of repeat units required to make up the 270 kW fuel cell stack. Stack costs decreased by 33%. However, due the BOP and the remainder of costs associated in power system manufacturing and installation, the cost of electricity was only reduced by

THE WIDE-AREA ENERGY STORAGE AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PHASE II Final Report - Flywheel Field Tests

0.002/kWh. In addition, to the 10,000 units per year production scale model was adjusted to reflect the costs of production at 50, 250, 1000 and 4000 units of production per year. Material prices were adjusted to reflect purchase levels. Machinery and labor were adjusted to reflect the production scale.

Chefornak Mini-grid Business Case

Sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries can provide energy storage, real-time dispatch, regulation, frequency response, and other essential services to the power grids. This study presents the technical characteristics, modeling approach, methodologies, and results for providing regulation services in the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) market. Two different scenarios were studied and compared: a scenario without intermittent renewable-energy resource penetration (base case) and a scenario with significant renewable-energy resource penetration (including wind) reaching 20% of CAISOs energy supply. In addition, breakeven cost analyses were developed for four cases. Based on the results of the technical and cost analyses, the opportunities for the NaS battery providing the regulation services are discussed, design improvements for the batterys physical characteristics are recommended, and modifications of the regulation signals sent to NaS batteries are proposed.

Dynamic Interchange Adjustment (DINA) algorithm to explore benefits of across-market energy trades

Independent System Operator, for providing the project team with organizational support, advice, and guidance essential to this work. Abstract The higher penetration of intermittent generation resources (including wind and solar generation) in the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and California Independent System Operator (CAISO) balancing authorities (BAs) raises the issue of requiring expensive additional fast grid balancing services in response to additional intermittency and fast up and down power ramps in the electric power system. The overall goal of the wide-area energy management system (WAEMS) project is to develop the principles, algorithms, market integration rules, a functional design, and technical specifications for an energy storage system to cope with uncertainties and unexpected rapid changes in renewable generation power output. The resulting WAEMS system will store excess energy, control dispatchable load and distributed generation, and use inter-area exchange of the excess energy between the CAISO and BPA BAs. A further goal is to provide a cost-benefit analysis and develop a business model for an investment-based practical deployment of such a system. A major goal of the WAEMS project is to minimize the balancing effort by developing a centralized control system that operates energy storage devices in conjunction with conventional generators to provide fast balancing services that can be shared among balancing authorities. The idea is based on coordination of traditional services (provided by conventional generation) and energy storage. In Phase II of the project described in this report, a prototype WAEMS configuration consisting of a hydro electric plant and a flywheel energy storage was field tested using actual area-control-error and regulation signals provided by BPA and CAISO. The results were used to evaluate the performance and economics of the flywheel-hydro regulation service. The performance evaluation shows an excellent performance of the WAEMS control algorithm, which separates the faster regulation effort provided by the energy storage from the slower one provided by a conventional regulating unit. The WAEMS combined service is not strictly constrained by energy storage limits because the hydro plant supports the desired flywheels energy level. In addition, the WAEMS combined service has the same fast-response characteristic (within 6 seconds) as that provided by the flywheel energy storage alone. Furthermore, the WAEMS control algorithm reduces wear and tear on the hydro unit and allows the hydro unit to operate closer to its preferred operating point. The breakeven price for flywheel energy storage to provide bi-directional service (1 MW regulation-up and ± …

Exploring costs and benefits of the Dynamic Interchange Adjustment (DINA) tool across market energy trades

....................................................................................................................................... iii Summary ....................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ ix 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1.1 2.0 Background ......................................................................................................................... 2.1 3.0 Project Objective ................................................................................................................. 3.1 4.0 Project Description .............................................................................................................. 4.1 5.0 Alternatives Studied ............................................................................................................ 5.1 6.0 Permitting ............................................................................................................................ 6.1 7.0 Risks ................................................................................................................................... 7.1 7.1 Financial risks .............................................................................................................. 7.1 7.2 Other issues associated with financing ....................................................................... 7.3 8.0 Financial Analysis of Selected Option ................................................................................. 8.1 Appendix A – Future Business Case Requirements Outline ..................................................... A.1

The Case for Natural Gas Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems for Distributed Generation

The Dynamic Interchange Adjustment (DINA) algorithm and software is designed to provide a look-ahead probabilistic estimation of the secure range for intra-day and intra-hour net interchange adjustments of a balancing authority (BA) within the next dispatch interval. The DINA tool considers all contributing factors, such as expected changes to system load and interchange, spinning reserve requirements, and system ramping capability, as well as relevant uncertainties impacting this estimation, including interchange variations and uncertainties in generation dispatch. Dynamic adjustment of the intertie flows is a significant resource for exchanging energy, capacity and flexibility between BAs and markets. Our cost/benefit analysis illustrates the performance of DINA using an example of Independent System Operator (ISO) New England (ISO-NE) and New York ISO (NY ISO). We compare the DINA results against static/deterministic rules. Our results indicate a significant economic benefit and demonstrate the potential for trading near-real-time energy and capacity between different markets.

Sustainability of light water reactor fuel cycles

A cost/benefit case study was performed to evaluate the results using the Dynamic Interchange Adjustment (DINA) tool to dynamically adjust intertie flows between ISO New England and the New York (NYISO). The DINA tool is designed to provide an online probabilistic estimation of the secure range for possible intra-day and intra-hour net interchange adjustments of a BA within the next dispatch hour. Dynamic adjustment of the intertie flows is a significant potential resource for exchanging energy, capacity and flexibility between Balancing Authorities (BAs) and different markets. The results of the analysis indicated that about 65% of the hours analyzed had a potential for additional exports or imports, and a significant economic benefit was found compared with the costs of implementing the tool. The approach used in this study opens up a potential opportunity for trading near-real-time energy and capacity between different markets.