Marta A. Shaw

Research Integrity and Misconduct in the Academic Profession

Integrity in research is fundamental to the advancement of knowledge, for the public’s support of research, and the autonomy of the academic profession. Misconduct in the forms of fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism introduces error and misrepresentation into the scientific record. This chapter reviews the history of research integrity and misconduct in the United States, as well as the nature and prevalence of misconduct. It then turns to factors associated with misconduct and efforts to promote integrity, which include policy and regulation, normative pressure, codes of conduct, training, and mentoring.

Organizational culture in the adoption of the Bologna process: a study of academic staff at a Ukrainian university

The growing influence of the Bologna Process on higher education around the world has raised concerns about the applicability of this set of reforms in diverse cultural contexts. Ukraine provides an instructive case study highlighting the dynamics occurring at the convergence of the new framework with a state-centred model of higher education. The goal of this study was to examine the professional identity of faculty at one Ukrainian university and their perceptions regarding the implementation of Bologna at their institution. We found that instructional and institutional innovations were successfully implemented only to the extent that they were integrated with the existing pattern of values and beliefs held by faculty. These findings provide insight for how other countries may approach Bologna compatibility in the presence of social and cultural forces divergent from those in which the Bologna process originated.

Flawed implementation or inconsistent logics? : lessons from higher education reform in Ukraine

This article investigates two competing explanations of why reforms associated with the Bologna process brought disappointing results in Ukraine. The lack of anticipated benefits from the reforms may stem either from a flawed implementation of the Bologna process, or from more fundamental differences between the models of higher education governance in Ukraine and the countries where the Bologna process originated. Using the theoretical lens of path dependence theory and an emergent analytical framework for the cross-country comparison of higher education governance, the author examines how the Soviet governance legacy and the new push for Europeanization intersect in the Ukrainian system of higher education, in ways that are both productive and detrimental, to shape institutional structures of the university, patterns of power and control, and relations to the state and society. Data analysis supports the conclusion that disappointing outcomes of the Bologna process in Ukraine can be traced to a fundamental mismatch between the existing logic of university governance rooted in a Soviet model of higher education and the logic presumed in the European reforms.

Public accountability versus academic independence: tensions of public higher education governance in Poland

ABSTRACT Since the launch of the Lisbon Agenda, European higher education systems have gravitated towards a common policy blueprint for governance that concentrates power in the hands of executive authorities and increases accountability to external stakeholders. The Polish system remains an outlier, providing an informative case study of a clash between European pressures and local path dependencies. The objective of this study was to investigate the forces that lodge the Polish system of higher education between the market and academic oligarchy, utilizing the lens of Burton Clark’s (1986. The Higher Education System: Academic Organization in Cross-national Perspective. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press) typology of governance. The author sought to uncover and compare the conceptualizations of governance held by two most powerful groups of higher education stakeholders. Findings indicate a stalemate of values between accountability to public interest and the independence of the academic order from short-term political interests. Conclusions from this study can inform reform efforts in contexts where externally legitimated blueprints for reform in higher education converge with social realities belying the blueprints’ inherent assumptions.

The Challenges and Implications of Globalization For Undergraduate Pedagogy

Whether in the United States, India, China, or in Poland, today’s students in the developed and emerging world construct their identities in a globally interconnected world. It is a world that is increasingly flat (Friedman, 2005), rife with more opportunity than the one inherited by previous generations, but also with more anxiety – a “generalized or unspecified sense of disequilibrium” (Turner, 1988, p. 61, cited by Gudykunst and Nishida, 2001, p. 59).

Differences in national approaches to doctoral education

Part I. International Research Collaborations 1. What Can Be Gained and What Can Go Wrong in the Context of Different National Research Environments, Melissa S. Anderson 2. Research Integrity in the Context of Global Cooperation, Nicholas H. Steneck 3. Considerations Upon Setting Out to Collaborate Internationally, F. Gray Handley Part II. Differences in the Organization and Funding of Research 4. National Variations in the Organization of Scientific Research, David W. Chapman, Ingo Stolz, and Olena Glushko 5. Evolution of National Funding Systems for Research, Tony Mayer 6. National Systems for Scientific Research in China, Ping Sun Part III. Differences in Legal and Normative Environments 7. Legal and Regulatory Considerations in International Research Collaborations, Mark A. Bohnhorst, Meredith McQuaid, Stacey R. Bolton Tsantir, Donald M. Amundson, and Melissa S. Anderson 8. The Governance of Scientific Collaborations: The International Reach of U.S. Law, Alexander M. Capron 9. Normative Environments of International Science, Raymond G. De Vries, Leslie M. Rott, and Yasaswi Paruchuri Part IV. Differences in Regulatory and Publication Oversight 10. International Cooperation to Ensure Scientific Integrity, Christine C. Boesz and Peggy L. Fischer 11. Scientific Integrity in the Context of Pan-European Cooperation, Andrew C. Stainthorpe 12. Collaborating with Colleagues in Latin America: Publication Issues, Herbert Stegemann, Juan Miyahira, Sergio Alvarado-Menacho, and Reyna M. Duron Part V. Differences in Graduate Education and Postdoctoral Training 13. Differences in National Approaches to Doctoral Education: Implications for International Research Collaborations, Melissa S. Anderson, Felly Chiteng Kot, Yiyun Jie, Takehito Kamata, Aliya Kuzhabekova, Christine C. Lepkowski, Marta A. Shaw, Martha M. Sorenson, and Sonia M. R. Vasconcelos 14. The Emergence of International Postdoctoral Training, John B. Godfrey 15. Preparing Students to Navigate Cross-National Differences in the Research Environment: The Role of Research-Integrity Education, Elizabeth Heitman and JuLeigh Petty Part VI. Toward Successful International Research Collaborations 16. Proactive and Reactive Approaches to Facilitating International Collaborations, Camille Nebeker 17. Balancing Research Collaborations with the Realities of Working with Industry:a Lessons from the Biotechnology Realm, Stewart Lyman 18. Realizing Gains and Staying Out of Trouble, Melissa S. Anderson and Nicholas H. Steneck Appendix Egypt, Interview with Ibrahim Adib Abdel-Messih India, Prem Pais, Denis Xavier, and Kumar G. Belani Singapore and China, Interview with James O. Leckie, Toward Successful International Research Collaborations Contributor Biographies

Differences in national approaches to doctoral education: Implications for international research collaborations

Part I. International Research Collaborations 1. What Can Be Gained and What Can Go Wrong in the Context of Different National Research Environments, Melissa S. Anderson 2. Research Integrity in the Context of Global Cooperation, Nicholas H. Steneck 3. Considerations Upon Setting Out to Collaborate Internationally, F. Gray Handley Part II. Differences in the Organization and Funding of Research 4. National Variations in the Organization of Scientific Research, David W. Chapman, Ingo Stolz, and Olena Glushko 5. Evolution of National Funding Systems for Research, Tony Mayer 6. National Systems for Scientific Research in China, Ping Sun Part III. Differences in Legal and Normative Environments 7. Legal and Regulatory Considerations in International Research Collaborations, Mark A. Bohnhorst, Meredith McQuaid, Stacey R. Bolton Tsantir, Donald M. Amundson, and Melissa S. Anderson 8. The Governance of Scientific Collaborations: The International Reach of U.S. Law, Alexander M. Capron 9. Normative Environments of International Science, Raymond G. De Vries, Leslie M. Rott, and Yasaswi Paruchuri Part IV. Differences in Regulatory and Publication Oversight 10. International Cooperation to Ensure Scientific Integrity, Christine C. Boesz and Peggy L. Fischer 11. Scientific Integrity in the Context of Pan-European Cooperation, Andrew C. Stainthorpe 12. Collaborating with Colleagues in Latin America: Publication Issues, Herbert Stegemann, Juan Miyahira, Sergio Alvarado-Menacho, and Reyna M. Duron Part V. Differences in Graduate Education and Postdoctoral Training 13. Differences in National Approaches to Doctoral Education: Implications for International Research Collaborations, Melissa S. Anderson, Felly Chiteng Kot, Yiyun Jie, Takehito Kamata, Aliya Kuzhabekova, Christine C. Lepkowski, Marta A. Shaw, Martha M. Sorenson, and Sonia M. R. Vasconcelos 14. The Emergence of International Postdoctoral Training, John B. Godfrey 15. Preparing Students to Navigate Cross-National Differences in the Research Environment: The Role of Research-Integrity Education, Elizabeth Heitman and JuLeigh Petty Part VI. Toward Successful International Research Collaborations 16. Proactive and Reactive Approaches to Facilitating International Collaborations, Camille Nebeker 17. Balancing Research Collaborations with the Realities of Working with Industry:a Lessons from the Biotechnology Realm, Stewart Lyman 18. Realizing Gains and Staying Out of Trouble, Melissa S. Anderson and Nicholas H. Steneck Appendix Egypt, Interview with Ibrahim Adib Abdel-Messih India, Prem Pais, Denis Xavier, and Kumar G. Belani Singapore and China, Interview with James O. Leckie, Toward Successful International Research Collaborations Contributor Biographies

International Research Collaborations

Part I. International Research Collaborations 1. What Can Be Gained and What Can Go Wrong in the Context of Different National Research Environments, Melissa S. Anderson 2. Research Integrity in the Context of Global Cooperation, Nicholas H. Steneck 3. Considerations Upon Setting Out to Collaborate Internationally, F. Gray Handley Part II. Differences in the Organization and Funding of Research 4. National Variations in the Organization of Scientific Research, David W. Chapman, Ingo Stolz, and Olena Glushko 5. Evolution of National Funding Systems for Research, Tony Mayer 6. National Systems for Scientific Research in China, Ping Sun Part III. Differences in Legal and Normative Environments 7. Legal and Regulatory Considerations in International Research Collaborations, Mark A. Bohnhorst, Meredith McQuaid, Stacey R. Bolton Tsantir, Donald M. Amundson, and Melissa S. Anderson 8. The Governance of Scientific Collaborations: The International Reach of U.S. Law, Alexander M. Capron 9. Normative Environments of International Science, Raymond G. De Vries, Leslie M. Rott, and Yasaswi Paruchuri Part IV. Differences in Regulatory and Publication Oversight 10. International Cooperation to Ensure Scientific Integrity, Christine C. Boesz and Peggy L. Fischer 11. Scientific Integrity in the Context of Pan-European Cooperation, Andrew C. Stainthorpe 12. Collaborating with Colleagues in Latin America: Publication Issues, Herbert Stegemann, Juan Miyahira, Sergio Alvarado-Menacho, and Reyna M. Duron Part V. Differences in Graduate Education and Postdoctoral Training 13. Differences in National Approaches to Doctoral Education: Implications for International Research Collaborations, Melissa S. Anderson, Felly Chiteng Kot, Yiyun Jie, Takehito Kamata, Aliya Kuzhabekova, Christine C. Lepkowski, Marta A. Shaw, Martha M. Sorenson, and Sonia M. R. Vasconcelos 14. The Emergence of International Postdoctoral Training, John B. Godfrey 15. Preparing Students to Navigate Cross-National Differences in the Research Environment: The Role of Research-Integrity Education, Elizabeth Heitman and JuLeigh Petty Part VI. Toward Successful International Research Collaborations 16. Proactive and Reactive Approaches to Facilitating International Collaborations, Camille Nebeker 17. Balancing Research Collaborations with the Realities of Working with Industry:a Lessons from the Biotechnology Realm, Stewart Lyman 18. Realizing Gains and Staying Out of Trouble, Melissa S. Anderson and Nicholas H. Steneck Appendix Egypt, Interview with Ibrahim Adib Abdel-Messih India, Prem Pais, Denis Xavier, and Kumar G. Belani Singapore and China, Interview with James O. Leckie, Toward Successful International Research Collaborations Contributor Biographies