Márta Fuchs

Organic Carbon as a Major Differentiation Criterion in Soil Classification Systems

Soil is the largest terrestrial pool of organic carbon (OC), however the spatial distribution of the estimated 1.5–2.3 Tt organic carbon content of the soil cover has great variation horizontally and vertically. As organic carbon is one of the most important soil constituents, governing important functions and properties of soils, it is one of the major differentiation criteria in internationally used soil classification systems, such as Soil Taxonomy (ST) and the World reference base for soil resources (WRB), and most national systems. Several soil units at the highest level of the systems, such as surface and subsurface horizons, modifiers and qualifiers are defined on the basis of presence and amount of OC and/or depth and thickness of OC rich soil layers. As a result of the evaluation of current definitions of ST and the WRB, and analyses of international soil data sets (US NASIS and the ISRIC WISE) it was concluded that there are sufficient number of categories for expression of the amount, kind and vertical distribution of OC, however several of the definitions are very complicated, and not always consistent throughout the systems. This makes interpretation and also computation of categories difficult. With globally available data and mathematical tools, there is an opportunity to improve definitions and adjust arbitrarily set limits. An improved set of organic carbon related diagnostics could serve the needs of a future global classification system, mapping and monitoring OC, and also modeling of related estimations and processes.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT BIOCHARS, COMPOST AND LIME TREATMENTS ON THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SANDY SOILS

Decrease in organic matter of the soil is one of the major threats to soils in Europe and other parts of the globe. Maintaining or increasing organic carbon is a great challenge in agricultural practices. Application of composts and other organic amendments is an important way of compensation of losses of organic carbon at the same time it is solving the placement and recycling of organic wastes and residues. The favorable effect of these amendments on physical, chemical and biological properties has been proved by

Digital Soil Morphometrics Brings Revolution to Soil Classification

Soil classification systems are grouping soils with similar properties. The distinguishing properties are the ones that we are able to observe or measure. As the state of knowledge and the need of users are changing, the definitions should be tested and changes should be accommodated. The recent boom of observation technologies, data storage, and data processing achievements provided new opportunities to predict similarities and differences in soils. The tools of digital soil morphometrics are resulting in new parameters and properties and in deriving continuous depth functions. This chapter reviews the criteria of soil parameters and their novel methods for field observation and definition (horizon depth, texture, color, structure, organic matter, mottling, and carbonates). The internationally endorsed soil classification systems could potentially be supported with these new approaches. The review is based on the WRB and is supplemented with an example of predicting soil diagnostic horizons using digital soil morphometrics. The application of faster, efficient, and more objective measurements can bring revolution to the classification of soils.

Javaslat talajosztályozási rendszerünk megújítására: alapelvek, módszerek, alapegységek

A jelenlegi, 1960 evekben kidolgozott genetikus alapokon nyugvo magyar talaj-osztalyozasi rendszerunk modernizalasara az elmult evtizedek hazai tapasztalatai, dokumentalt adathalmazai, valamint a nemzetkozi standardok es elvarasok alapjan teszunk javaslatot. Munkank kiindulasi alapja az elődeink altal definialt 29 talaj-kepző folyamat, 39 talajtipus, es az azokhoz kapcsolodo tartalmi leiras es vizsgalati adatokbol nyert informacio. Modszereink az egyszerű elemzesek es statisztikai szamitasok mellet a pedometria modszerere, a taxonomiai tavolsagszamitasra es klaszteranalizisre tamaszkodtak. Eredmenyeink alapjan a jelenlegi hazai talajtipusok egy resze jol elkulonithető, masok pontosabb definiciora szorulnak, vagy egyes esetekben osszevonasra kerul-hetnek. A nemzetkozi gyakorlatban meglevő es hazankban is jellegzetes tipusokat pedig, bevezetesre javaslunk. A szigorubb es mind a melysegi, morfologiai es osszetetelbeli tulajdonsagok te-kinteteben szamszerűbb meghatarozasokon alapulo javasolt struktura kozpont...

Comparison of biological and chemical properties of arable and pasture Solonetz soils

Soil samples were collected from salt-affected soils (Solonetz) under different land uses, namely arable (SnA) and pasture (SnP), to investigate the effects of land use on microbiological [basal soil respiration (BSR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and phosphatase activity] and chemical properties [organic carbon (OC), humic ratio (E4/E6), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), ammonium nitrogen (NH 4- N), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3- N), available forms of phosphorus (P 2 O 5 ), potassium (K 2 O), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), sodium (Na + )] and on the moisture content. The results showed that the two sites, SnA and SnP, were statistically different from each other for all the microbiological and chemical parameters investigated except Na+ and moisture content. Higher values of MBC (575.67 μg g -1 ), BSR (9.71 μg CO 2 g -1 soil h -1 ), DHA (332.76 μg formazan g -1 day -1 ) and phosphatase activity (0.161 μmol PNP g -1 hr -1 ) were observed for the SnP soil. Great heterogeneity was found in SnP in terms of microbiological properties, whereas the SnA plots showed more homogeneous microbiological activity due to ploughing. 75.34% of variance was explained by principal component one (PC1), which significantly separated SnA and SnP, especially on the basis of soil MBC and P 2 O 5 . Moreover, it was concluded that the pasture land (SnP) was microbiologically more active than arable land (SnA) among the Hungarian salt-affected soils investigated.

Javaslat a hazai láptalajok osztályozásának megújítására

A szerves talajok osszetetele, kepződesi korulmenyei, es foldrajzi, ill. domborzati elterjedese jelentősen elter az asvanyi talajoketol. A tomegukben megőrzott hatalmas mennyisegű szerves szen es kornyezetuk biologiai sokfelesege (biodiverzitasa) kapcsan a klimavaltozas altal leginkabb erintett talajok, ezert megkulonboztetett figyelem iranyul e talajokra. Kiterjedesukre, lebomlottsagi fokukra, szerves szenkeszletukre igen elterő irodalmi es terkepi adatok allnak rendelkezesre. Ugyanakkor eppen a klimavaltozas vonatkozasaban oriasi a globalis es helyi megbizhato adatigeny az emlitett kerdesekben. Hazai laptalajaink osztalyozasi, felvetelezesi es mintaveteli modszereinek megujitasara teszunk javaslatot a nemzetkozi standardok figyelembe vetelevel. A megujitott Laptalaj meghatarozasban a legfontosabb kovetelmenyek a 20% szerves szentartalomra, a 40 cm vastagsagra es az alacsony terfogattomegre vonatkoznak. Az altipus es valtozati tulajdonsagok a lebomlottsag fokat, a melysegi, kemhatas viszonyokat, ill. sok...

Javaslat a hazai genetikai talajszintek leírásának a FAO irányelveknek megfelelő módosítására

A talajkepző tenyezők es folyamatok egyuttes hatasa alatt kialakult genetikai talajszintek, ill. geologiai-, vagy katasztrofa esemenyek hatasara kepződott talajretegek jellemzese es azonos ertelmezesű, a nemzetkozi normakkal is harmonizalt leirasa nelkulozhetetlen informaciokat szolgaltat a talajtannal, talajadatokkal foglalkozo szakemberek szamara. A talajszelvenyek leirasa tobbek kozott alapul szolgal a talajkepződes folyamatanak megertesehez, a mintaveteli melysegek meghatarozashoz es a talajok genetikai es diagnosztikai szemleleten alapulo osztalyozasahoz. Dolgozatunkban javaslatot teszunk a hazai genetikai talajszintek helyszini leira-sanak a nemzetkozi ajanlasokhoz alkalmazkodo, de szukseg szerint a hazai korulmenyekre adaptalt, ill. kiegeszitett megujitasara, amely hozzajarul megujitas alatt allo hazai talajosztalyozasi rendszerunk fejlesztesehez es lehetőve teszi a kor igenyeinek megfelelő harmonizalt talajadatbazisok epiteset. A javaslat kidolgozasakor a FAO (2006) nemzetkozileg elfogadott neveze...

Effect of solid pyrolysis products on selected soil properties in a laboratory experiment

Csontszennel es novenyi eredetű bioszennel tenyeszedenyes modellkiserletet allitottunk be, hogy feltarjuk a kivalasztott magyarorszagi talaj fizikai es kemiai tulajdonsagaira gyakorolt hatasokat. A tenyeszedenyes modellkiserletben a kezeleseknek megfelelően (0, 1, 2,5, 5 es 10%) 500 cm3-es műanyag edenyekbe 200 g talajkevereket tettunk. Vizsgaltuk a mintak AL-oldhato P- es K-tartalmat, vizoldhato osszes sotartalmat, desztillalt vizes pH-jat, kotottseget es szerves-C-tartalmat (Tyurin modszerevel).A kiserlet eredmenyekeppen megallapithato, hogy a csontszen (ABC) bekeveres hatasara jelentősen megnőtt az AL-oldhato P2O5-tartalom a talajkeverekekben, koszonhetően a csontszen eredendően nagy P-tartalmanak.A pH es az osszes sotartalom jelentősen nőtt a csontszen (ABC) kezeleseket kovetően, elsősorban a csontszen nagy asvanyianyag-tartalma miatt. A novenyi eredetű bioszen (BC) kezelesek eseteben azonban pH-novekedes csak a nagyobb koncentracional volt tapasztalhato, az osszes sotartalomban pedig nem tapasztaltun...