Marta M. Paez

Distribution and Ecology of Parent Taxa of Pollen Lodged Within the Latin American Pollen Database.

The cornerstone of palaeoecological research, concerned with vegetation dynamics over the recent geological past, is a good understanding of the present-day ecology and distribution of the taxa. This is particularly necessary in areas of high floral diversity such as Latin America. Vegetation reconstructions, based on numerous pollen records, now exist with respect to all major vegetation associations from Latin America. With this ever-increasing number of sedimentary records becoming available, there is a need to collate this information and to provide information concerning ecology and distribution of the taxa concerned. The existing Latin American Pollen Database (LAPD) meets the first of these needs. Information concerning the ecology and distribution of the parent taxa responsible for producing the pollen, presently lodged within the LAPD, is the focus of this paper. The ‘dictionary’ describes the ecology and distribution of the parent taxa responsible for producing pollen identified within sedimentary records. These descriptions are based on a wide range of literature and extensive discussions with members of the palaeoecological community working in different parts of Latin America investigating a range of different vegetation types.

Distribution and ecology of parent taxa of pollen lodged within the Latin American Pollen Database

The cornerstone of palaeoecological research, concerned with vegetation dynamics over the recent geological past, is a good understanding of the present-day ecology and distribution of the taxa. This is particularly necessary in areas of high floral diversity such as Latin America. Vegetation reconstructions, based on numerous pollen records, now exist with respect to all major vegetation associations from Latin America. With this ever-increasing number of sedimentary records becoming available, there is a need to collate this information and to provide information concerning ecology and distribution of the taxa concerned. The existing Latin American Pollen Database (LAPD) meets the first of these needs. Information concerning the ecology and distribution of the parent taxa responsible for producing the pollen, presently lodged within the LAPD, is the focus of this paper. The ‘dictionary’ describes the ecology and distribution of the parent taxa responsible for producing pollen identified within sedimentary records. These descriptions are based on a wide range of literature and extensive discussions with members of the palaeoecological community working in different parts of Latin America investigating a range of different vegetation types.

Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of Patagonia

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the existing pollen datasets from Patagonia, between 37 o and 52 o S covering the Late Quaternary and a comparison with selected pollen data from Chile. A continuous pollen record does not exist in Patagonia that link the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) with previous interglacial–glacial periods. The only pollen record that probably represents interglacial conditions about 430 ka (MIS 11) is that from Canadon El Mosquito, in southern Patagonia. During the Mid Holocene, the westerlies brought higher humidity to both the Andean zone and the southern extreme of Patagonia. Semiarid conditions in extra-Andean region suggest that the westerlies were less intense than present. An increase of aridity and temperature at the northeast Patagonia led to an arid climate and to the establishment of the Arid Diagonal during this time. In Patagonia, postglacial times were characterized by high fire frequency. Human impact, volcanism, and climate have been proposed to explain spatial and temporal variations of this fire frequency throughout different intervals.

Comparison of diurnal variation of airborne pollen in Mar del Plata (Argentina)

Intradiurnal variation of arboreal pollen (AP) in Mar del Plata city is compared during three non - consecutive years of survey and described in relation to the associated weather. The daily pattern of pollen abundance has a maximum between 10:00 and 12:00 h, while a minimum occurs at 18:00 h. The first two years of survey showed homogeneous daily trends, but in 1995 the maximum and minimum concentrations were delayed because of the change in position of the collecting station. Arboreal pollen spectrum presented qualitative and quantitative changes in the three years analysed. Results indicate optimal conditions for diurnal dispersion of arboreal pollen are high temperatures and low relative humidity. Also interaction between source position and wind direction has important effects on the timing of the peaks of some pollen types.

Comparison of intradiurnal variation of airborne pollen in Mar del Plata (Argentina). Part I. Non-arboreal pollen

Intradiurnal variation of non-arboreal pollen (NAP) aredescribed in relation to the associated weather using the data obtainedwith a Burkard trap in Mar del Plata city, for a three year data set(1988, 1992 and 1995). The daily pattern of concentration was quitehomogeneous during the years analysed except for 1995, when it showed avariation due to the change of position of the station. Qualitativecomposition of the NAP airborne pollen was mainly represented byPoaceae, Plantago and Cyperaceae during the three years. The daily trendshowed high concentrations during daylight hours, when instability andconvective movements prevail, and low concentrations in the night, whenmeteorological conditions favour the development of a stable stratifiedlayer.

Seasonal airborne pollen pattern in Mar del Plata City, Argentina

Continuous aerobiological survey of the atmosphere of Mar del Plata was carried out from December 1991 to November 1993 with a Burkard volumetric spore trap. Daily slides were prepared and studied every 2 h with standard techniques. Weekly records were kept for 27 relevant pollen types selected either by their prevalence or relative high atmospheric concentration. Quantitative multivariate analysis enabled to distinguish three major pollen seasons, related to atmospheric dominance either arboreal pollen (AP) or non-arboreal pollen (NAP). June to October is the richest period in number of pollen types, mainly dominated by AP; while from November to May, there is an overwhelming dominance of NAP types, represented by grass, herb and weed pollen. The study and prediction of this phenomenon is of great interest not only from the ecosystem point of view, but in relation to human disease as well.

Palinología y Condiciones Paleoambientales Durante los últimos 12.600 Cal. Años ap en Salinas Del Bebedero (San Luis, Argentina)

Abstract. PALYNOLOGY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING THE LAST 12,600 CAL. YEARS BP AT SALINAS DEL BEBEDERO (SAN LUIS, ARGENTINA). The availability of late Quaternary paleoenvironmental information in central-western Argentina is still scarce because of the paucity of archives recording past environmental changes. This work reports palynological and sedimentological analyses of a sedimentary sequence from a core taken in the Salinas del Bebedero playa-lake basin (33°20′S-66°45′W), with the main objective of contributing towards the knowledge on vegetation and paleoenvironmental history in central western Argentina during the last c. 12,600 cal. yrs BP. Sedimentological results suggest a maximum lake high-stand c. 12,600 after which lake levels decreased until c. 3600 cal. yrs BP when modern lake levels were reached. Pollen analysis suggests a regional vegetation with Monte-Espinal affinity similar to the present-day vegetation, which essentially remained unchanged during the Holocene. Prior to that time, the predominance of halophytic communities around c. 12,600 cal. yrs BP suggests more arid conditions due to lower precipitation (and/or higher temperatures) compared with the present day conditions.

Palinología del Miembro Gran Bajo de la Formación San Julián (Oligoceno Tardío) en su Localidad Tipo, Santa Cruz, Argentina: Consideraciones Paleoambientales

Abstract. PALYNOLOGY OF THE GRAN BAJO MEMBER, SAN JULIÁN FORMATION (LATE OLIGOCENE) IN ITS TYPE LOCALITY, SANTA CRUZ, ARGENTINA: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS. The aim of this paper is to present the palynological results from the Gran Bajo Member of the San Julián Formation in its type area (Gran Bajo de San Julián). The studied section crops out in the eastern Santa Cruz Province and has been assigned to the late Oligocène based on 87Sr/86Sr data. The sedimentological analysis suggests a shallow marine environment close to the coast barely influenced by ocean waters at the lower part of the section, which evolved toward a foreshore-shoreface environment at the middle part of the section and to a shoreface-offshore towards the upper part of the section. The palynological assemblages from Gran Bajo section are primarily conformed by terrestrial elements with high preservation stage. A detailed palynological study allowed reconstructing the structure and composition of the forest in relation to depositional environments. Changes in the depositional environments correlate with the pollen zones determined by cluster analysis. Among the arboreal elements, the Podocarpaceae dominated the middle part of the section and Nothofagaceae (mainly Nothofagidites brassii type) dominates in the upper part, associated with Araucariaceae and Proteaceae in lower proportions. Myrtaceae, Arecaceae, Sapindaceae and Anacardiaceae were scarcely represented. The understory was composed by different species of monilophytes, mainly Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae that decrease towards the top of the analyzed interval.