Marta Maria Casa Blum

Danos causados pela infecção de Gibberella zeae em trigo

Damages caused by infection of Gibberella zeae in wheat Fusarium head blight or wheat scab, caused by Gibberella zeae, is a disease of the floral infection, with frequent occurrence in regions where long periods of rain (> 48 h) and average temperatures (> 20 o C) occur after the wheat (Triticum aestivum) begins to flower. The reduction of grain yield, caused by nature infection of wheat scab in the field, has been quantified in different wheat cultivars during the harvests of 2001 and 2002, in the city of Passo Fundo, RS. All the wheat scab spikes, from the grain milk stage through maturation, had been identified and marked in an area of the 1 m 2 , being sampled three repetitions for wheat area. The scab and healthy spikes were harvested, dried, counted and threshed separately. The damages caused by wheat scab were calculated by the difference between the actual yield and the estimated yield potential based on the total numbers of spikes, the number of healthy spikes and the number of scab spikes. The average damage caused by wheat scab in 25 samples of wheat collected in 2001, was 13,4%, varying from 6,4 to 23,1%. In the 2002 harvest, the average damage in 18 samples, was 11,6%, varying from 3,1 to 20,5%. The average reduction in the grain yield for harvests of 2001 and 2002 were 394,4 Kg.ha -1 and 356,8 Kg.ha 1 , respectively. In the two harvests, the average damage caused by wheat scab, in the different cultivars, was 375,3 kg.ha -1 or 6,26 bags of wheat/ha.

Critical-point yield model to estimate yield damage caused by Cercospora zea-maydis in corn

A model to estimate damage caused by gray leaf spot of corn (Cercospora zea-maydis) was developed from experimental field data gathered during the summer seasons of 2000/01 and during the second crop season [January-seedtime] of 2001, in the southwest of Goias state. Three corn hybrids were grown over two seasons and on two sites, resulting in 12 experimental plots. A disease intensity gradient (lesions per leaf) was generated through application, three times over the season, of five different doses of the fungicide propiconazol. From tasseling onward, disease intensity on the ear leaf (El), and El - 1, El - 2, El + 1, and El + 2, was evaluated weekly. A manual harvest at the physiological ripening stage was followed by grain drying and cleaning. Finally, grain yield in kg.ha-1 was estimated. Regression analysis, performed between grain yield and all combinations of the number of lesions on each leaf type, generated thirty linear equations representing the damage function. To estimate losses caused by different disease intensities at different corn growth stages, these models should first be validated. Damage coefficients may be used in determining the economic damage threshold.

Modelo de ponto crítico para estimar os danos causados pelo oídio em cevada

In an experiment carried out in the field with the barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivar BR 2 the gradient of powdery mildew incidence and grain yield were generated by the use of fungicide in seed treatment. Data was submitted to regression analysis. A critical point model was obtained that may be used to estimate barley grain yield, in relation to powdery mildew incidence, at different host growing stages. The best model was represented by the equation Y = 2,978.3 - 7.75 X (R2 = 0.83) at tillering. The maximum grain yield reduction was 28.03%. This equation may be also be used to calculate the economic damage threshold for powdery mildew in barley cultivars with susceptibility similar to BR 2.

Phakopsora pachyrhizi in vitro sensitivity to fungicides

Universidade de Passo Fundo – UPF, PassoFundo, RS. Bolsista CNPq. *Parte da tese de doutorado da primeira autoraAutor pata correspondencia: Erlei Melo Reis (erleireis@upf.br)Data de chegada: 03/01/2013. Aceito para publicacao em: 10/07/2013. 1864Chemical control of Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by

Survey, survival and control of Alternaria alternata in wheat seeds

The fungus Alternaria alternata was quantified in 75 wheat seed samples collected from three different regions of southern Brazil for Cropping and Use Value (CUV) I, II and III. Fungal presence was evaluated in two hundred disinfested seeds per sample before sowing in a potato-dextrose-agar medium + antibiotic (PDA+A). Fungus survival was evaluated every 45 days for 180 days for three seed batches from six wheat cultivars stored in propylene bags in a storehouse, with air temperature varying between 18 to 22 °C and relative air humidity around 60%. The efficacy of carboxin+thiram, difenoconazol, thiram, triadimenol, triticonazol and triticonazol + iprodione fungicides to control A. alternata was determined. A. alternata was detected in all the samples with an incidences of 39.6 %, 38.8% and 35.9% for the CUV I, CUV II and CUV III regions, respectively. The highest mean incidence of the fungus was found in the CUV I region, the coolest and most humid, and was significantly different from the other two regions. The average reduction in A. alternata viability in the wheat cultivar seeds was 49.5% during the 180 days of storage (inter-harvest period), demonstrating that infected seeds are the primary inoculum source for the fungus. The triticonazol + iprodione fungicide mixture efficiently controls A. alternata.

Eficiência e persistência de fungicidas no controle do oídio do trigo via tratamento de sementes

Wheat powdery mildew has been frequently detected in high intensities in wheat fields seeded with susceptible cultivars in southern Brazil. In experiment conducted in greenhouse the persistence of the fungicides difenoconazol, flutriafol, triadimenol, and triticonazol were assessed at three rates of commercial formulation, applied as seed treatment to control powdery mildew. Wheat seeds of cultivar BR 23, susceptible to powdery mildew, were treated with fungicides and seeded in plastic pots having soil-sand-vermiculite as substrate. Wheat plants previously inoculated with the fungus were kept among the plants to be inoculated as primary inoculum source. Evaluations were performed daily in the main tiller from the appearance of the first powdery mildew colonies. Disease was quantified through incidence up to the growth stage of four fully expanded leaves. Disease progress curves for each fungicide and their three rates were adjusted to the logistic model in increasing order of effectiveness, higher fungicidal protection was reached by seeds treatment with, difenoconazol, flutriafol, trticonazol, and triadimenol.

In vitro effect of substrate, temperature and photoperiod on Phakopsora pachyrhizi urediniospore germination and germ tube growth

In vitro experiments were conducted to assess the effects of substrate, temperature and time of exposure to temperature and photoperiod on P. pachyrhizi uredospore germination and germ tube growth. The following substrates were tested: water-agar and soybean leaf extract-agar at different leaf concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g of leaves and 15g agar/L water), temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35oC) and times of exposure (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 hours) to temperature and 12 different photoperiods. The highest germination and germ tube length was found for the soybean leaf extract agar. Maximum P. pachyrhizi uredospore germination was obtained at 21.8 and 22.3°C, and maximum germ tube growth at 21.4 and 22.1°C. The maximum uredospore germination was found at 6.4 hours exposure, while the maximum germ tube length was obtained at 7.7 h exposure. Regarding photoperiod, the maximum spore germination and the maximum uredospore germ tube length were found in the dark. Neither spore germination nor uredospore germ tube growth was completely inhibited by the exposure to continuous light.

Weather based warning systems for bean angular-leaf-spot and anthracnose

Data available in the literature were used to develop a warning system for bean angular leaf spot and anthracnose, caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, respectively. The model is based on favorable environmental conditions for the infectious process such as continuous leaf wetness duration and mean air temperature during this subphase of the pathogen-host relationship cycle. Equations published by DALLA PRIA (1977) showing the interactions of those two factors on the disease severity were used. Excell spreadsheet was used to calculate the leaf wetness period needed to cause different infection probabilities at different temperature ranges. These data were employed to elaborate critical period tables used to program a computerized electronic device that records leaf wetness duration and mean temperature and automatically shows the daily disease severity value (DDSV) for each disease. The model should be validated in field experiments under natural infection for which the daily disease severity sum (DDSS) should be identified as a criterion to indicate the beginning and the interval of fungicide applications to control both diseases.