Marta Pascual Sáez

Patient Cross-Border Mobility: New Findings and Implications in Spanish Regions

Marta Pascual-Sáez, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, E-mail: marta.pascual@unican.es ABSTRACT. Spain has a National Health Service with a mixed public-private funded system. In the last decades, a huge effort has gone into reducing barriers to patient migration. We estimate a panel data based on a gravity model of migration since the process of health care decentralization has been completed in Spain. Our empirical results show that income is one of the most important drivers in explaining mobility as well as supply variables. Individual characteristics are not among the main factors for mobility. Besides, it is demonstrated there is a quality-driven mobility in Spain. However, there was no significant difference in the influence on patients’ mobility between those living in the North of the country and the Mediterranean regions. The empirical results also suggest that current regional health policies in Spain, that explain patients’ mobility, should be associated with greater funding system. Received: September, 2016 1st Revision: October, 2016 Accepted: December, 2016

Oku's Law in Selected European Countries (2005-2017): An Age and Gender Analysis

DOI: 10.14254/2071789X.2018/11-2/18 ABSTRACT. In this paper the robustness of the Okun’s relationship is tested using data from a group of selected European countries during the period 2005-2017, considering different age cohorts and gender. Four macroareas based on geographic location are also considered: Continental Europe, Nordic countries, Southern Europe, and Anglo-Saxon countries. Two traditional models are applied, the first difference and the ‘gap’ one. The relevant data for the latter model is constructed from the HodrickPrescott filter. The empirical results indicate that an inverse relationship between unemployment and output holds for the whole sample and subsamples. Besides, it can be highlighted that these countries show smaller output loss associated with higher unemployment. Additionally, our findings suggest that the oldest population tends to be less exposed to the business cycles. Meanwhile, slight differences along countries and macro-areas are found. Therefore, as disparities in productivity growth are showed, different policies are required for each area. Actually, policymakers should design various ways to increase employment opportunities for diverse groups in society (specific coordinated policies for each necessity): those on specific age cohorts, those working in particular economic activities or those living in specific countries or macro-regions.

Government expenditure and economic growth in the European Union countries: New evidence

Abstract This paper provides new evidence of the impact of government spending on economic growth in the European Union countries. Governments can adjust their levels of spending in order to influence their economies, although the relationship between these variables can be positive or negative, depending on the countries included in the sample, the period of estimation and the variables which reflect the size of the public sector. The results obtained based on regression and panel techniques suggest that government expenditure is not clearly related with economic growth in the European Union countries over the period 1994-2012.