Martha Andreia Brand

PRODUÇÃO DE BIOMASSA PARA GERAÇÃO DE ENERGIA EM POVOAMENTOS DE Pinus taeda L. COM DIFERENTES IDADES

The objectives of this study were to quantify and qualify the residual biomass produced in commercial plantations of Pinus taeda L. in different ages and management systems, aiming at generating energy in co-generation systems. The ages of the forests were: 3 years (first pruning), 6 years (third pruning), 10 years (third pruning), 12 years (first thinning), 14 years (first thinning), 16 (second thinning) and 24 years (harvesting). Five trees were harvested at each age and their separate components were weighed and analyzed for moisture content and calorific value. Quantitative and qualitative data were correlated to determine the potential for generating electricity from forest biomass. The plantations of Pinus taeda L. produced 30-95 tonnes of forestry biomass/ha, respectively, at 3 and 24 years of age. The highest yield potential of biomass for energy generation are harvesting (24 years), first thinning (14 years) and third pruning (10 years), respectively. The best quality material for power generation was the branch with the lowest moisture content (54%) and higher net calorific value (1784 kcal/kg), and the best ages were 24, 14 and 10 years. The management system and forestry practices have an influence, together with age on biomass production per unit area. The energy performance of newly harvested biomass is low, requiring treatment to reduce the moisture content and increase in net calorific value.

Correlação entre teor de umidade e eficiência energética de resíduos de Pinus taeda em diferentes idades

The increasing use of forest biomass for energy generation leads companies to the forestry industry to be concerned with the inclusion of energy generation in the multiple use of forests. In this sense, the objective was to determine the influence of old trees of Pinus taeda in the energetic properties of its components, and the relationship between the moisture content of burned material and its potential for generating useful energy for a system of energy, order to determine the ideal age to intervene plantations, optimizing the use of all components of the trees without soil exhaustion. Energy analysis were performed on leaves, twigs, bark and canopy of Pinus taeda with 10, 12, 14 and 24 years in a completely randomized design in factorial arrangement. The results showed that the age of 24 years achieved the best values of moisture content, ash content and net calorific value, being the one that has better energy efficiency. A significant negative correlation between net calorific value and moisture content, allowing the adjustment equation for the determination of net calorific value depending on the moisture content of the components evaluated at different ages.

Influence of storage time on the quality of biomass for energy production in humid subtropical regions

This work aims to determine an optimal storage time of forest biomass for use in energy production, through analysis of variations in physical and chemical properties of with bark timber over the storage period. The study was conducted in the municipality of Lages, SC, over a span of 18 months. The experiment used with bark logs of Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus dunnii, with varying diameters, and slabs of Pinus spp., stored in piles. The material was sampled freshly harvested (control), after two, after four and after six months of storage. Four lots were used, harvested and stored at the spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons. Properties being assessed included moisture content (wet basis), gross calorific value, net calorific value and ash content. Results demonstrated that storage time influenced moisture content and net calorific value, yet it had no influence on gross calorific value and ash content. Optimal storage time ranged from two to four months, depending on the species, form of biomass and storage season. The best behavior regarding quality after storage was from Pinus slabs, followed by Eucalyptus logs and Pinus logs, the latter showing the worst behavior.

Avaliação do processo produtivo de uma indústria de manufatura de painéis por meio do balanço de material e do rendimento da matéria-prima

The present study aimed at evaluating the productive process of panels, using the principles of material balance and the yield of wood raw material, in order to establish a methodology to be applied in other wood industries. This work was carried out in the panel-manufacturing sector of Battistella Industria e Comercio Ltda, State of Santa Catarina. Data were obtained by means of visits, questionnaire application and office data. In order to represent the material balance some equations and a flowchart were produced. Based on these data, it was possible to conclude that the industry is integrated, fact that represents a competitive advantage. The material balance indicated that the activity with the highest potential to produce waste was wood lath preparation (55,71% from all the waste); the activities with the highest yield were pressing (97,44%) followed by sectioning (93,92%); boarding (93,51%); sandpapering (90,97%) and lath preparation (54,51%). The overall yield of manufacturing was 63,16%. These values were similar to those found in the literature. The methodology developed in this study is simple and may be applied to any other industry of the wood sector.

Influência das dimensões da biomassa estocada de Pinus taeda L. e Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden na qualidade do combustível para geração de energia

RESUMO – Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a influencia das dimensoes de biomassa sobre as alteracoes em suas propriedades durante a estocagem, visando seu uso na geracao de energia. O experimento foi realizado no Municipio de Lages, SC, entre outubro de 2003 e fevereiro de 2005. Foram utilizadas toras com casca de Pinus taeda L. e Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden e costaneiras de Pinus spp., estocadas em pilhas, por um periodo de seis meses. As amostras para analise foram coletadas no estado recem-colhido, com dois, quatro e seis meses de estocagem. Foram utilizados quatro lotes, colhidos e armazenados segundo as estacoes do ano, permanecendo sob estocagem entre os meses de outubro a maio, janeiro a agosto, maio a novembro e agosto a fevereiro. As propriedades avaliadas foram: teor de umidade na base umida, poder calorifico superior e liquido e teor de cinzas. As dimensoes tiveram maior influencia no teor de umidade e poder calorifico liquido. As costaneiras de Pinus sofreram maior perda de umidade, maior ganho de poder calorifico superior e inferior e menor teor de cinzas durante a estocagem. A costaneira foi tambem o material mais heterogeneo, com relacao as variacoes ocorridas no armazenamento. As toras de Pinus tiveram a menor perda de umidade e o menor ganho energetico. De forma geral e considerando as propriedades mais importantes para a geracao de energia, as dimensoes da biomassa tiveram maior influencia que a especie sobre a qualidade da biomassa na estocagem. Palavras-chave: Pinus taeda L.; Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden; Estocagem.

MAPEAMENTO DA FREQUÊNCIA DE USO E CARACTERÍSTICAS DA BIOMASSA FLORESTAL UTILIZADA PARA GERAÇÃO DE ENERGIA EM LAGES, SC

In the region of Lages, in Santa Catarina state, the economy is based on the forest industry, especially for primary processing, and this is characterized by low yields and high production of waste, constituting environmental problems, logistical and financial support. The use of biomass in co-generation systems has been an economically profitable, since the year 2005, the place of study. In this context, the aims of this study were to map the frequency of use and the availability of wood waste used for co-generating of energy in Lages, Santa Catarina, and to evaluate the energetic properties. The sample data and the results of the energetic properties of biomass samples used in a co-generating energy in the period 2005 to 2008. The residues were characterized in terms of moisture content, ash content, gross calorific value and net calorific value. The results showed that the most available residue is the pine bark, although the most energetically efficient ones were the chip with pine-bark and the mixture of all waste systems used in generating power.

Biomassa residual agrícola e florestal na produção de compactados para geração de energia

The objective of this study was to quantify and locate regionally in the State of Santa Catarina the agricultural and forestry waste biomass with potential for densification for energy production. The study involved data from annual agricultural and forestry production from the year 2012. A value called technical coefficient, found in the literature, was used to determine the amount of agricultural (from temporary and perennial crops) and forest residues generated for each culture. Two standards were used for the discussion of the data: the amount of waste generated and the geographical location. The maize crop generated the biggest amount of waste in 2012, followed by forestry, upland rice and soybeans. The Southern, the Western and the Mountains are the mesoregions that produced the most waste in 2012. Residues from forestry, maize, rice and soybeans are those with the greatest potential in terms of quantity and geographical location for densification for energy production.

QUALIDADE DO CARVÃO VEGETAL PARA O CONSUMO DOMÉSTICO COMERCIALIZADO NA REGIÃO SERRANA SUL DE SANTA CATARINA

Este trabalho teve como objetivo averiguar a qualidade do carvao vegetal para consumo domestico, comercializado na regiao Serrana Sul de Santa Catarina. Foram coletadas 12 marcas de carvao na regiao da Associacao dos Municipios da Regiao Serrana (AMURES) e Curitibanos. Foram descritas e analisadas as caracteristicas gerais das embalagens e determinadas as propriedades fisicas e energeticas de cada uma das marcas. As propriedades analisadas foram: densidade relativa aparente, teor de umidade, poder calorifico, teor de carbono fixo, volateis e cinzas. As marcas comercializadas na regiao sao oriundas dos Estados de Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul e Parana. A acacia-negra e os eucaliptos sao as especies mais usadas para a producao de carvao. Nao existe padronizacao das informacoes nas embalagens. O carvao vegetal apresentou densidade relativa aparente alta (0,403 g/cm3); teor de umidade alto (7,35%); poder calorifico superior medio de 6.449 kcal/kg, com muita variacao entre as amostras; alto teor de volateis e cinzas; e baixo teor de carbono fixo (32,85%, 1,96% e 65,17%, respectivamente). A producao e consumo do carvao vegetal no Planalto Sul catarinense sao regionalizados, sem padronizacao das embalagens e com registro nos orgaos ambientais de fiscalizacao. A qualidade do carvao comercializado na regiao e baixa.

DETERMINAÇÃO DO RENDIMENTO DE MATÉRIA-PRIMA DE Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage POR MEIO DE DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE DESDOBRO

The aim of this study was to determine the yield of raw material of Eucalyptus benthamii through the tangential and radial sawing, besides classifying the logs for the presence of end splits. The classification of logs as for the splits was accomplished by means of visual analysis, using a concept which was applied according to the intensity of the defect. Subsequently, the logs were separated into two diametric classes (20 to 25, and 25.1 to 30 cm) and processed in three sawing systems (tangential block, radial and tangential block with curved face), each treatment consisting of 3 replicates with 10 logs each. Statistical analysis of yield data was carried out using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, Analysis of Variance and Tukey test. In the results it was observed that most of the logs of smaller diameter class presented median intensity, whereas for larger diameter class, the intensity was low. The average net yields found were 43.5% and 39.2% for the lower and upper classes, respectively, which were influenced by the splits of parts and the trimming. It was observed that the tangential sawing block and curved face were the methods that presented greater use of lumber of the class 20 to 25 cm, while in the class 25.1 to 30 cm, the block and radial tangential system were equivalent.