Martha Raidl

The Healthy Diabetes Plate: An Evolving Diabetes Meal Planning Program

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The Healthy Diabetes Plate teaches meal planning skills and changes in eating behaviors

Ziqing Hei has completed his Ph.D. from Sun Yat-sen University in China in 2003 and was invited as a visiting scholar in University of Florida in 2009 for 1 year. He serves as a doctor in liver transplantation for more than 20 years. Now, He is a Professor and Head of the Department of Anesthesiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. His major focus of research is mechanism of graft injury and therapeutic strategies in liver transplantation. He has published more than 100 papers in reputed journals and services as a reviewer for more than 6 reputed journals. Restoration of myocardial brg1 protein expression by antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine attenuates cardiac dysfunction in type1 diabetic ratsWissam Mustapha is currently a Ph.D. Research Scholar at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia. He completed his MBBS in Moscow Russia in 1998 and is currently working as Lecturer and Tutorial Administrator at various universities including University of Sydney, University of Technology Sydney and Notre Dame Medical University. Impact of diabetes on quality of life among the Lebanese Community in SydneyJohn S.D. Chan has completed his Ph.D., at the University of Manitoba (Canada) and research training in Canada and the USA including National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Harvard Medical School (Boston). He is the Professor of Medicine at the Universite de Montreal and the Director of the Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology and Endocrinology at the Research Centre of Centre hospitalier de l’Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM)-Hotel Dieu Hospital. He has published more than 110 papers in reputed journals and is the Editor of the eBook, “Diabetic Nephropathy”, ISBN 978-95351-0543-5 (Open Access) (http://www.intechopen.com). Oxidative stress and tubular apoptosis in diabetic nephropathyBackground: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of diabetic retinopathy and other blinding eye diseases in patients attending the outpatient clinic in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. Nigeria. Patients and Methods: An analysis was made of all patients seen January to December 2012. Diabetic patient’s record was retrieved and information obtained on patient’s bio data, type and duration of disease, and findings on eye examination. The fundus was examined with direct and indirect ophthalmoscopes, +90 D with slit lamp and fundal photography (in some cases). Retinopathy was graded using the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale (ICDRDSS) Results: There were 293 patients examined consisting of 119 males and 174 females (M: F=1: 1.46). The patient’s age ranged from 20 to 83 years with mean age 43 + 6.2 years. Fifty seven patients (18%) had IDDM, while 236 patients (82%) had NIDDM. A total of 111 patients (38%) had retinopathy. Of these, 27 patients (9.2%) had severe NPDR, and 11 patients (3.7%) had PDR. DR was associated with long disease duration. A total of 17 were patients (5.8%) were severely visually impaired and 19 patients (6.5%) were blind. Blindness was attributable to DR in 4.7%, others had cataract, glaucoma and non glaucomatous optic atrophy. Low vision was attributed to glaucoma, cataract and drusen. Conclusion: Blinding eye diseases are common in patients with diabetes mellitus. Retinopathy is a cause of visual loss although some patients were blind from other causes. Patients need to be screen for retinopathy as well as other eye diseases. Lawan Abdu et al., J Diabetes Metab 2013, 4:6 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.S1.022Grace Guzman, MD is an Associate Professor of Pathology at the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Hospital and Health Sciences System where she teaches gastrointestinal and liver pathology and serves as a surgical pathologist. He focuses on the translational study of gastrointestinal and hepatocellular carcinoma by developing human tissue arrays and characterizing biomarkers. Hepatic histopathological modifications in post transplant recurrent chronic hepatitis c virus infection, and its association with oxidative damage and diabetesMark R. Rigby graduated with a B.S. from Duke University and an M.D. and Ph.D. at the University of Massachusetts, conducting a thesis with Aldo Rossini. Then, at Johns Hopkins he competed pediatric residency and fellowship in pediatric critical care. Then, as faculty at Emory University he was a pediatric intensivists and on faculty at the Emory Transplant Center. He is presently Academic Chief of Pediatric Critical care, the Director of Translations Research Center in Pediatric, conducts basic T1DM research in the Well Diabetes Center, and is the Protocol Chair of the NIH supported intervention trial, the T1DAL study. Preservation of Tregs during CD28/CD154 blockade of ex vivo antigen-specific activation of diabetogenic T cellsDespite the well-known relation between the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the metabolic syndrome and diabetes, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The recently discovered member of the RAS – the prorenin/renin receptor [(P)RR] due to its additional angiotensin-independent effects may be an interesting candidate for the prevention of obesity, diabetes and their associated complications. Mice were placed on a high-fat/high-carbohydrate (HF/HC) or normal diet (ND) and were administered the (P)RR blocker [(P)RRB] or saline for 10 weeks. Body weight and food consumption was assessed weekly. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by glucose/insulin ratio (G/I). Gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR. The (P)RRB significantly lowered body weight and fat mass in the HF/HC fed animals whereas there was no effect on food consumption. The HF/HC produced an increase in circulating glucose, insulin and triglycerides while the G/I was decreased, which suggests the presence of insulin resistant. Conversely, mice receiving the (P)RRB had normalized levels of glucose and triglycerides and a reduction in insulin which improved the G/I. Concomitantly, mice on a HF/HC had increased GLUT1 expression in all fat pads whereas GLUT4 was decreased in perigonadal fat and increased in subcutaneous fat. Interestingly, (P)RRB treatment significantly improved GLUT1 expression in perirenal fat in ND and subcutaneous fat in HF/HC and increased GLUT4 in peri-gonadal fat in HF/HC which is in line with the circulating metabolites data as it suggests. In mice fed a HF/HC (P)RRB administration seems to improve glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and GLUTs gene expression profile in adipose tissue.In contrast to acute stimulation of insulin secretion (IS) by free fatty acids, chronic hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are characteristics of type 2 diabetes and they are known to cause β-cell dysfunction termed “glucolipotoxicity”. It has also been shown that the expression of PGC-1α is elevated in islets from different animal models of diabetes but its mechanistic role in cell glucolipotoxicity remains unclear. The goal of this study was to evaluate the interconnection between expressions of PGC1α, mitochondrial energy metabolism, calcium signaling and insulin secretion (IS) in mouse and human islets. To duplicate glucolipotoxicity in vitro, islets were cultured for 3 days with 0.5 mM palmitic acid (PA) at 1% albumin and different concentrations of glucose: 10, 16 and 25 mM. The inhibitory effect of PA on IS was evident at 16 mM in mouse and human islets. Despite inhibition of IS by PA, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in response to step-wise increases of glucose or due to FCCP were similar in control and PA treated mouse islets, suggesting that inhibition of IS by PA occurred at steps downstream of ATP production. Gene expression of PGC-1α, PPAR-, CPT-1A, Cyt c and Cox5b were increased and expression of GCK was decreased after mouse and human islets exposure to 16 mM glucose and 0.5 mM PA. Increasing the glucose to 25 mM in the presence of PA led to even greater inhibition of IS and the gene expression profile exhibited the following characteristic changes: decreased expression of PGC-1α, slightly increased expression of CPT-1A with no changes in expression of PPAR-, Cyt c, Cox5b or GCK. These changes were associated with increased basal OCR and decreased stimulation of respiration by glucose but normal response to FCCP (demonstrating intact coupling of Ox/Phos). The inhibition of IS was correlated with impaired glucose-stimulated calcium influx. We conclude that the phenotypic manifestation of glucolipotoxicity depends characteristically on the glucose concentration: at 16 mM glucose islets exhibit an adaptive response as evidenced by increased expression of PGC-1α, PPAR-, CPT-1A and Cox5b with lowered GCK but this adaptation collapses at 25 mM glucose.I injections remain to be preferred approach for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type I) and for many patients non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type II). The subcutaneous injection of insulin decreases the quality of life of many people and causes suboptimal control of blood glucose levels. It would be beneficial if insulin could be administered orally, buccal, nasal, pulmonary, ocular and rectal in order to replace parenteral therapy because different routes of insulin could mimic the physiological fate of endogenously secreted insulin and might provide a better glucose homeostasis. When considering poor patient compliance and difficulties of administration in using parenteral insulin this makes the oral route the most preferred and safest if it’s available. In order to obtain adequate bioavailability, oral route of insulin should overcome various gastrointestinal tract (GIT) barriers such as chemical, enzymatic and absorption barriers. Polymeric nano and/ or microparticles have been used as matrices for the delivery of oral route of insulin. Nanoparticles; have a large specific surface area and protection power against gastrointestinal environment, are thought to be the most promising solution for oral delivery of insulin. Our aim is to discuss the ability of the nanoparticles for enhancing the pharmacological response of different routes of given exogenous insulin in treatment of diabetes. Finally, recent advances in using polymeric nanoparticles for different administrations of insulin delivery and their effects on insulin transport will be reviewed. H. Kubra Elcioglu, J Diabetes Metab 2013, 4:6 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.S1.022Maharshi Patanjali was the compiler of the Yoga Sūtras, an important collection of aphorisms on Yoga practice Maharshi Patanjali was born on150 B.C. in Sunga dynesty. Clinical research in the west has focused exclusively on diabetes as a physical disorder. Clinical research in India, by contrast, has recognized that diabetes is a psychosomatic disorder, in which the causative factors are sedentary habits, physical, emotional and mental stress and strain. It has studied the beneficial effects of the practice of yoga, which is much more than a physical exercise. Patanjali yoga sutra stands on: 1. Five Vows 2. Twenty Five Niyama Five Vows Are: 1. Tyranny of the Ego 2. Ahimsa 3. Truthfulness:Effect of truth on human body is established. 4. Brahmacharya 5. Non-covetousness and Non-stealingFeride Severcan had her B.S degree in Physics from Ankara University, Turkey (1965), M.A in Physics) from RochesterUniversity, USA (1971), Ph.D. in Physics from Hacettepe University, Turkey (1979), Post-Doctoral studies at Stanford University and Lecturer and Researcher at San Francisco State University, Research Associate at Perugia University. She had collaboration with UC-Santa Cruz, UC-Santa Barbara, North West Pacific Laboratory in USA, Bath, London and De Montford Universities in UK. Since 1992 she has been at Middle East Technical University, Turkey where she is Professor of Biophysics. In METU she also chaired the Department of Biological Sciences between 1994-1997. She has published more than 100 peer reviewed scientific articles, 4 Books and 12 Book Chapters. Severcan’s current research interest is the structural and functional characterization of disease states and therapeutic and protective role of drugs and antioxidants. Ftir spectroscopy as a novel method in characterization and diagnosis of type I diabetes in rat animal model and the protective role of antioxidants