Martin Brockerhoff

Migration sexual behavior and the risk of HIV in Kenya.

The association of migration with AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa is well documented, yet the social and behavioral mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood. Using data from the 1993 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, this article examines whether migrants are more likely than nonmigrants to have multiple recent sexual partners and not use condoms with those partners. Results indicate that migration is a critical factor in high-risk sexual behavior and that its importance varies by gender and by the direction of movement. Independent of marital and cohabitation status, social milieu, awareness of AIDS, and other crucial influences on sexual behavior, male migrants between urban areas and female migrants within rural areas are much more likely than nonmigrant counterparts to engage in sexual practices conducive to HIV infection. In rural areas, migrants from urban places are more likely than nonmigrants to practice high-risk sex. Given the predominance of men in urban migration and the large volume of circulatory movement between urban and rural areas, these results have serious implications for HIV transmission throughout Kenya.

The poverty of cities in developing regions.

The long-standing presumption that living conditions are better for big-city residents has come into question. This study uses indicators of childrens status and level of infant mortality to compare wellbeing across cities of one million or more residents and smaller settlements within developing regions.... Findings suggest that sustainable development of large cities is dependent not only on efficient management good governance and sufficient resources but is also related to cities size and their rate of population growth. (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

The inequality of maternal health care in urban sub‐Saharan Africa in the 1990s

Numerous studies document the disadvantage in child health of the urban poor in African cities. This study uses Demographic and Health Survey data from 23 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa to examine whether the urban poor experience comparable disadvantages in maternal health care. The results show that, although on average the urban poor receive better antenatal and delivery care than rural residents, the care of the urban poor is worse than that of the urban non‐poor. This suggests that the urban bias in the allocation of health services in Africa does not benefit the urban poor as much as the non‐poor. Multilevel analyses reveal significant variations in maternal health in urban areas across countries of sub‐Saharan Africa. The disadvantage of the urban poor is more pronounced in countries where maternal health care is relatively good. In these countries the urban poor tend to be even worse off than rural residents, suggesting that the urban poor have benefited least from improvements in maternal health care.

Population growth, employment and poverty in Third-World mega-cities : analytical and policy issues

List of Tables - Preface - Introduction - Urbanisation and Spatial Concentration - Urban Growth, Employment and Poverty - Scope for Employment Promotion and Poverty Alleviation in Third World Mega-cities - Urban Poverty and Access to Housing and Basic Social Services - Urban Poverty and Population Growth - Resource Mobilisation to Finance Urban Programmes - Conclusions and Policy Implications - Appendix - Bibliography - Index

Urbanization in Large Developing Countries: China, Indonesia, Brazil, and India

Urbanization is a key process in developing countries. Within the next decade over 50 per cent of the worlds population will inhabit urban areas and the majority of this growth is concentrated in developing countries. Analysing data for four large countries, this volume focuses on the relationship between economic change and urban growth. Specifically the authors examine the continued growth of industrial employment at the expense of the agricultural sector, the impact of government-controlled regional and industrial policy and the role of migration in response to employment opportunities. There are also important chapters on government responses to the lack of basic infrastructure, and the resulting negative impact on human welfare, in the cities. The volumes coherence results from the cross-country comparisons made by the authors and the conclusions that are not geographically restricted but have potential applications, by urban planners, in all developing countries.

Immigration and Its Impact on American Cities.

Preface Examining the Impact of Immigration on City Government Documenting Immigration Immigrant Decisions: Using a Field Survey Using the Experts: A Delphi Survey Effects of Immigration on Municipal Revenue and Expenditures: Estimates and Implications Immigration Forecasts Immigration and Municipal Services: Interpreting Projected Impacts Appendix A: Field Survey Instrument Appendix B: Delphi Survey (First Round) Appendix C: Delphi Survey (Second Round) Bibliography Index

Keys to Successful Immigration: Implications of the New Jersey Experience

post-industrial economy-temporary and parttime-does not easily lend itself to organizing under the traditional labor laws. Thus the potential strategies for organizing service workers in the chapters by Susan Eaton and Dorothy Sue Cobble are welcome contributions. In sum, this volume gives a good introduction to key problems that surround the analysis of interactive, front-line service work. Most of this qualitative research has been published previously but in different fields, and so the collection is quite valuable. There are some weaknesses, however.. As already mentioned, a sustained discussion of class is conspicuously missing, and race takes a distinct second place to gender. On balance, the occupations featured in the case studies constitute a narrow set and are dominated by variations on domestic work. Thorough analyses of retail, health care, business services, and clerical work would have strengthened the volume. Finally, there is a larger problem that is not the fault of the contributors or editors: the almost total disjuncture between qualitative research that examines issues of workplace controljob content, and social hierarchy (featured here), and quantitative research that examines wage inequality, labor market stratification, and economic restructuring. It is very likely that increased communication across this divide would benefit researchers in both realms.

An America Challenged: Population Change and the Future of the United States.

The implications of future population change in America - the rationale and scope for an assessment. Part 1 The demographic context of change in America: Americas demographic past - setting the framework for the future Americas future population - analyzing alternative demographic futures. Part 2 The implications of population - change for Americas future: the labour force - implications for Americas competitiveness population change, household structure and income and poverty in America demographic change and business in America population change, services, revenues and expenditures summary, conclusions and implications.

Educating All the Children: Strategies for Primary Schooling in the South.

The problem outlined differential progress towards schooling for all - a cross-country analysis case-studies of educational reforms policy options for increasing access to schooling modelling the impact of reforms - cost and quality issues assessing the costs and financing of schooling for all aid to education and policy reform.

The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World.

Introduction -- The Migratory Process and the Formation of Ethnic Minorities -- International Migration before 1945 -- Migration to Highly-Developed Countries since 1945 -- The Next Waves: The Globalisation of International Migration -- New Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region -- Migrants and Minorities in the Labour Force -- The Migratory Process: A Comparison of Australia and Germany -- New Ethnic Minorities and Society -- Immigrant Politics -- Conclusion: Migration in the New World Order.