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Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology | 1972

Der Vibrationssinn der Grillen

Martin Dambach

Summary1.Thresholds for sinusoidal vibrations were determined in freely-moving crickets by recording the summated responses from the leg nerves. The animals were placed on a electrodynamic vibrator. The vibration was measured with calibrated accelerometers and indicated in cm/sec2 (peak value).2.The threshold curves for the different legs have a well defined maximum of sensitivity which varies little within the normal range of leg positions (Figs. 3, 4). The subgenual organ complex is the sense organ for vibrations, since selective destructions abolish the responses. In the forelegs, unknown receptors proximal to the femur-tibia joint are responsible for a sensitivity below 200 Hz.3.In the middle legs the sensitivity for acceleration is a maximum between 700 and 1000 Hz (Fig. 7). At 800 Hz the minimal acceleration threshold is 0.18 cm/ sec2 (corresponding to a peak-peak displacement of 1.4 · 10−8 cm).4.In the hindlegs the maximum is found between 400 and 500 Hz (Fig. 10) and the minimal threshold at 500 Hz is 0.11 cm/sec2 (2.2 · 10−8 cm).5.If measured in acceleration, the forelegs have the lowest sensitivity (800 to 1000 Hz, minimal threshold 0.3 cm/sec2, Fig. 12), but the displacements are similar to the middle legs and hindlegs (1.9 · 10−8 cm).6.The frequency of maximum sensitivity does not change when the hind leg is artificially damped with a mass (Fig. 13). This means that the sensitivity for vibrations cannot be much affected by any resonance properties of the entire leg. The best frequency of the hindlegs is about half of that of the middle legs, and this difference is correlated with the larger area (1.7 times) and greater thickness (1.6 times) of the subgenual organ. These findings may suggest, that resonances of the subgenual organ itself are important for the reception of vibrations.Zusammenfassung1.Durch elektrophysiologische Ableitung summierter Antwortpotentiale von den Beinnerven frei beweglicher Grillen wurden die Rezeptionsschwellen für sinusförmige Vibrationsreize ermittelt. Die Tiere standen auf der Plattform eines elektrodynamischen Vibrators (Abb. 1). Die Vibrationsintensitäten wurden mit geeichten Beschleunigungsaufnehmern gemessen und in cm/sec2 (Spitzenwert) angegeben.2.Für die einzelnen Beine lassen sich Schwellenkurven mit einem deutlich ausgeprägten Empfindlichkeitsmaximum bestimmen. Die Lage des Empfindlichkeitsmaximums ändert sieh durch die normalen Variationen in der Beinstellung nur geringfügig (Abb. 3, 4). Durch Ausschaltversuche wurde gezeigt, daß der Subgenualorgan-Komplex für die Antwortpotentiale verantwortlich ist. Für die Vorderbeine bleibt nach Ausschaltung der Subgenualorgane eine Restempfindlichkeit mit einem Maximum um 200 Hz, für die Rezeptoren proximal vom Knie zuständig sein müssen.3.Die Mittelbeine haben ihre maximale Empfindlichkeit für Beschleunigung zwischen 700 und 1000 Hz (Abb. 7). Die höchste gemessene Empfindlichkeit betrug bei 800 Hz 0,18 cm/sec2. Die Schwingungsweite beträgt dabei 1,4 · 10−8 cm.4.Die maximale Empfindlichkeit der Hinterbeine für Beschleunigung liegt zwischen 400 und 500 Hz (Abb. 10). Die höchste Empfindlichkeit betrug bei 500 Hz 0,11 cm/sec2. Dabei beträgt die Schwingungsweite 2,2 · 10−8 cm.5.Gemessen in Beschleunigung, haben die Vorderbeine die geringste Empfindlichkeit für Vibrationsreize (Abb. 12). Das Empfindlichkeitsmaximum liegt zwischen 800 und 1000 Hz. Die niedrigste Schwellenbeschleunigung betrug 0,3 cm/sec2 bei 900 Hz (Schwingungsweite 1,9 · 10−8 cm).6.Das Anbringen einer Dämpfungsmasse an das Hinterbein verändert die Lage des Empfindlichkeitsmaximums nicht. Es wird vermutet, daß das Schwingungsverhalten des Subgenualorgans im Blutkanal der Tibia die Lage des Empfindlichkeitsmaximums bestimmt. Gestützt wird diese Vermutung durch die Tatsache, daß das Hinterbeinsubgenualorgan eine etwa l,7mal größere Fläche und eine l,6mal größere Dicke als dasjenige des Mittelbeins hat, und daß in Übereinstimmung damit die Optimalfrequenz für das Hinterbein nur etwa die Hälfte von der des Mittelbeines ist.


Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology | 1973

Response to sound in crickets without tympanal organs (Gryllus campestris L.)

M. D. R. Jones; Martin Dambach

SummaryAcoustic signals (10–100 msec, 5kHz, 70 or 80 dB) have an inhibitory effect on chirping in the cricketGryllus campestris L. After a reaction time of approximately 50 msec there is a period of about 150 msec (at 27 °C) during which it is very unlikely that a chirp will begin. The effect is not abolished by removal of the tympanal organs, antennae and cerci. Electrophysiological recordings made from the neck connectives in freely moving insects show that tympanal ablation does not abolish sound reception.


Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology | 1972

Der Vibrationssinn der Grillen@@@The sense of vibration in crickets: II. Antworten von Neuronen im Bauchmark@@@II. Responses of central neurons

Martin Dambach

SummarySome fibres in the neck connectives of crickets are very sensitive to vibration of the substratum. These neurons have been studied in freely moving animals. Their sensory input originates in the subgenual organs in the legs, but they may be even more sensitive and selective than the leg nerves (Fig. 3). Selective stimulation of a pair of legs or of the three legs of one side (Fig. 4) was used for studies of the central integration.The central neurons respond to both ipsilateral and contralateral input. The middle legs are more sensitive to 800 Hz than are the other legs, and stimulation of the middle legs also causes the largest central response. The central neurons habituate, and their response shows “spontaneous” variations. Two neurons ceased to respond, when the middle legs were cut, but after some hours the response returned (Fig. 10). The central neurons together with the subgenual organs may belong to a “warning system”, but they carry no information for localization of the source of vibration.ZusammenfassungBei extrazellulärer Ableitung von den Halskonnektiven frei beweglicher Grillen konnten Neurone erfaßt werden, die mit hoher Empfindlichkeit auf Vibrationsreize antworten. Die diese Neuronen erregenden Rezeptoren liegen in den Subgenualorganen aller 3 Beinpaare. Die Schwellen einzelner Neuronen können etwas niedriger sein und eine stärkere Prequenzselektion aufweisen als die Schwellen der Beine (Abb. 3). Mit einer Methode der separaten Reizung einzelner Beinpaare sowie der Beine einer Körperseite (Abb. 4) konnten Experimente zur Erregungsintegration in den zentralen Neuronen unternommen werden.Die zentralen Neuronen antworten sowohl bei ipsilateraler als auch bei kontralateraler Reizung. Bei 800 Hz liefern die Mittelbeine eine größere zentrale Antwort als die Vorder- und Hinterbeine. Dies stimmt überein mit dem Ergebnis, daß die Mittelbeine bei 800 Hz empfindlicher sind als die anderen Beine (Dambach, 1972a). Die Neuronenhabituieren und zeigen spontane Schwankungenim Antwortverhalten. Zwei Neuronen waren nach Ausschaltung der Mittelbeine zunächst nicht mehr aktiv, ihre Antworten kehrten jedoch im Verlauf von Stunden wieder zurück (Abb. 10). Es wird angenommen, daß die zentralen Neuronen, zusammen mit den Subgenualorganen, zu einem Warnsystem gehören, dem die Fähigkeit zur Lokalisation der Vibrationsquelle aber nicht zukommt.


Journal of Chemical Ecology | 1999

Aggregation Agents in German Cockroach Blattella germanica: Examination of Efficacy

Jürgen Scherkenbeck; Günther Nentwig; Karl Justus; Jürgen Georg Dr. Lenz; Daniel Gondol; Gernot Wendler; Martin Dambach; Frank Nischk; Christa Graef

Aggregation behavior and reduced locomotory activity in the German cockroach is known to be caused by chemical compounds in the feces. The attractive and/or arrestant efficacy of three relevant substances was tested in first instars by a two-choice aggregation test and in adults with a locomotion compensator apparatus that allows quantification of taste-directed orientation and walking speed as a function of antennal stimulation. The three substances tested were a feces crude extract; a mixture of six carboxylic acids (mix G) out of a total of 29 that were identified in the feces extract and tested as single compounds and in various combinations; and a steroid glucoside denoted as blattellastanoside A, which has been suggested as an aggregation arrestant pheromone in Blattella germanica. With both of our test methods, feces extract and mix G proved to be very attractive, whereas the effects of blattellastanoside A were, if anything, very poor. Possible reasons for discrepancies are discussed.


Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology | 1969

Die Reaktion der Chromatophoren des Seeigels Centrostephanus longispinus auf Licht

Martin Dambach

Summary1.When stimulated with white light of intensity between 0,4 and 53 Lux the chromatophores on isolated spine bases of Centrostephanus longispinus show a degree of pigment dispersion which is proportional to the light intensity (Fig. 2).2.With stronger intensities, light induces a maximal pigment dispersion; darkness causes a maximal pigment concentration. Concentration is quicker than dispersion. In different chromatophore stages both processes differ in the forms of pigment distribution (Fig. 3).3.The most common chromatophores are brown but there are also violet and yellow ones; they differ in the size and form of the pigment granules. With the method employed a difference in the reaction to white light could not be demonstrated. Possibly they are different developmental stages of one single type of chromatophore.


Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology | 1970

Ein auf Substratvibration reagierendes Interneuron im Bauchmark der Grille

Martin Dambach

SummaryBy extracellular recording from the neck connectives of free moving crickets potentials of large fibres can be obtained, which respond to substratum vibration. The most sensitive fibres which seem to be connected to the subgenual organs show an adaptation which can be modified by central or peripheral factors. The sensitivity of one fibre which was tested with a vibration platform of adjustable frequency and amplitude has a threshold of 0.2 to 0.3 cm/sec2 of acceleration at a frequency of 500 Hz (Fig. 4). These data correspond with the results of threshold measurements on the subgenual organs made by Autrum and Schneider (1948).


Symposium Mechanoreception | 1974

Perception of Substrate-Vibration in Crickets

Martin Dambach; Franz Huber

In the acoustic communication of terrestrial animals the air is the carrier of the signals. This principle is widely used by vertebrates and invertebrates. The air as a signal carrier has, for physical reasons, many advantages: the range for signals is very large and the band of the frequencies transmitted is very broad. Another possibility of transmitting mechanical vibration energy is by use of solid or liquid bodies as signal carriers. For terrestrial animals this can be the ground on which they live or wood and other parts of plants. Compared with the air the soil has some disadvantages as a signal transmitting medium. The damping is very large especially in the case of high frequencies, so that the medium acts as a frequency filter. A further point is that the conduction velocity varies with the physical structure of the substratum. In spite of these disadvantages a lot of invertebrate species communicate by means of vibratory signals mediated by a solid substratum (for references see Markl, 1969, 1973). Vibration signals are used in intraspecific communication for finding and stimulating the sexual partner and as alarm signals in social insects. Vibratory signals generated by the walking or tapping of animals can either warn the prey of the predator or can be used by the predator to locate his prey.


Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology | 1968

Zum Verlauf der Pigmentausbreitung beim Farbwechsel des Seeigels Centrostephanus longispinus Peters

Martin Dambach; Friedrich Jochum

Summary1.The dispersion of pigment in the chromatophores of Centrostephanus longispinus, initiated by illuminating a dark-adapted animal, is recorded with a photometric device.2.The brightness of a skin area decreases in an exponential way with time as a consequence of pigment dispersion.3.The decrease in brightness of the base hills of the primary spines is significantly slower than in the surrounding skin areas of the aboral region. Both areas differ in number and size of chromatophores.4.With illumination intensities between 52 000 and 4 000 Lux the decrease in brightness of the aboral region is significantly faster at lower intensities.Zusammenfassung1.Die beim Seeigel Centrostephanus longispinus durch Belichtung eines dunkeladaptierten Tieres ausgelöste Pigmentausbreitung in den Chromatophoren wurde mit einer photometrischen Anordnung registriert.2.Die durch die Pigmentausbreitung bedingte zeitliche Abnahme der Leuchtdichte eines Hautbezirkes erfolgt streng exponential zu einem Grenzwert hin.3.Die Abnahme der Leuchtdichte verläuft an den Basishügeln der Primärstacheln signifikant langsamer als in den umgebenden Hautbereichen der Aboralregion. Beide Bereiche unterscheiden sich in Zahl und Größe der Chromatophoren.4.Bei Reizbeleuchtungsstärken zwischen 52 000 und 4 000 Lux ist die Abnahme der Leuchtdichte in der „Aboralregion“ bei geringeren Beleuchtungsstärken signifikant schneller.


Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology | 1972

Der Vibrationssinn der Grillen: I. Schwellenmessungen an Beinen frei beweglicher Tiere

Martin Dambach


Ethology | 2010

Zur Ethologie der afrikanischen Grille Phaeophilacris spectrum Saussure

Martin Dambach; Leonhard Lichtenstein

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