Martin Lima

Gross Anatomy of the Intestine in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

We describe the macroscopic anatomy of the intestine of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). The small intestine was divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum as usual. The caecum was attached to the ileum by a long ileocaecal fold, and to the proximal ansa of the ascending colon by a caecocolic fold. The ascending colon was the most developed portion of the gross intestine and had the most complex arrangement with three ansae: the proximal ansa, the spiral ansa and the distal ansa. The proximal ansa completely encircled the caecum, describing a 360° gyrus, and represented the widest portion of the intestine. The spiral ansa was formed by three and a half centripetal gyri, a central flexure and three centrifugal gyri. The last centrifugal gyrus left the spiral and described nine flexures of different form and direction over the left side of the mesentery. The two portions that formed each of these flexures ran parallel to each other. The last part of this gyrus ran parallel to the jejunum. When compared with domestic cattle, giraffe had a comparatively short small intestine and a comparatively long large intestine, with a resulting small ratio of small:large intestine. Reasons are presented why this should be considered a peculiarity of cattle‐like ruminants rather than a different representative of a browser–grazer dichotomy in general.

Gross heart anatomy of Arctocephalus australis (Zimmerman, 1783)

Little research has been carried out on the gross visceral anatomy of the Otariidae, and the anatomical information for the southern fur seals, Arctocephalus spp., is scant. The aim of the present study was to describe the external and internal conformation, and the sanguineous irrigation of the heart of Arctocephalus australis. Twelve hearts of Arctocephalus australis were studied by simple dissection. In the right ventricle the trabeculae carneae were well developed and there were three or more papillary muscles. In the left ventricle there were two papillary muscles, subatrialis and subauricularis, attached to the parietal wall. There was also a great development of trabeculae carneae which occupied almost all of the ventricle, from the left atrioventricular valve up to the proximities of the expulsion route. A large quantity of muscular strands were found extending themselves between the trabeculae carneae, becoming more dense and forming a network when near the apex. The distribution of the branches of the coronary arteries was highly variable and no heart was similar to another one in this sense. In the majority of the hearts the subsinosal interventricular branch proceeded from the right coronary artery. It is concluded that there were many differences between the heart of the Arctocephalus australis and the heart of the domestic dog, contrary to what has been suggested for other genera of Otariidae.

Anatomical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Meerkat (Suricata suricatta, Schreber, 1776)

This research presents the first anatomical description of the tongue and lingual papillae of the meerkat and compares the different information on the morphology of the other carnivore species. For this purpose, three tongues were used as material. The tongue was elongated with an oval or rounded apex. On the dorsal and ventrolateral surfaces of the tongue, filiform papillae had extent variations in morphology. Papillary body of each filiform papilla on the ventrolateral surface of the lingual body was ramified into 2–5 glovelike projections, and all pointed tips of these projections were directed caudally. On the dorsal lingual surface, each filiform papilla leaned on another without any space and both lateral borders of each filiform papilla included 4–6 small secondary projections or spines. A few rounded fungiform papillae were randomly distributed and embedded among the filiform papillae. On the caudal one‐third of the body, there were two elongated circumvallate papillae. Some superficial fissures and taste pores were detected on the flat surfaces of each circumvallate papilla which was surrounded by a prominent and continuous gustatory groove. On the radix of the tongue, numerous dome‐shaped protuberances of lingual salivary glands beneath the epithelium and one centrally located orificium was very invincible on the convex surface of each protuberance. Anatomical distribution of lingual papillae differed from those of other carnivores and represented morphological adaptation to the food type and feeding habits.

Anatomical Description of the Liver, Hepatic Ligaments and Omenta in the Coypu (Myocastor coypus)

El objetivo de este trabajo es complementar las descripciones de la lobulacion hepatica, los ligamentos hepaticos y los omentos de la nutria. Treinta nutrias fueron estudiadas mediante diseccion simple. El higado de la nutria estaba dividido en seis lobulos: lobulos lateral izquierdo, medial izquierdo, cuadrado, medial derecho, lateral derecho y caudado. El lobulo caudado estaba dividido en proceso papilar y proceso caudado. Un ligamento falciforme completo, extendido hasta el ombligo, fue hallado en todos los animales. Este era el unico ligamento que tenia grasa entre sus hojas, la cual era abundante en la parte umbilical. El hgamento triangular izquierdo estaba compuesto por dos partes. Una parte se fijaba al lobulo lateral izquierdo y la otra al lobulo medial izquierdo del higado. El hgamento triangular derecho tambien era doble. Los hgamentos triangulares laterales eran mas grandes que los mediales. El hgamento hepatorrenal estaba unido al rinon derecho y media 3,0 cm en su borde hbre ventral. El ligamento coronario era siempre relativamente marcado y se continuaba con todos los ligamentos anteriores. Los omentos eran similares a los descritos para el conejo pero mas cargados de grasa. El omento mayor se unia a la hoja izquierda del mesoduodeno y al mesocolon ascendente

Anatomía cardíaca de Pontoporia blainvillei

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la conformacion interna y externa y la irrigacion del corazon del delfin franciscana de la Plata (Pontoporia blainvillei) para lo cual fueron disecados 12 corazones. El pericardio se fijaba caudalmente al diafragma, ventralmente al musculo transverso toracico y, lateralmente, a las costillas y musculos intercostales. El corazon era aplastado dorsoventralmente, su base era craneal, su apex era compartido por ambos ventriculos. El ventriculo izquierdo era de pared gruesa, mientras que la del ventriculo derecho mas delgada y depresible. La cara ventral correspondia a la cara auricular y la cara dorsal a la cara atrial de la Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, 2005 (NAV). En la conformacion interior del atrio derecho destacaba el gran desarrollo de la cresta terminal y de la fosa oval. Dentro del ventriculo derecho, los musculos papilares se distribuian en subbarterioso, magnus y parvi. Una trabecula septomarginal se extendia entre los musculos papilares subarterioso y magnus. Tambien fueron observadas trabeculas menores del mismo tipo, situadas mas ventralmente a la anterior. Las venas pulmonares se unian en un tronco comun antes de llegar al atrio izquierdo. El ventriculo izquierdo tenia dos musculos papilares bien desarrollados. La irrigacion cardiaca arterial mostraba un predominio de la arteria coronaria izquierda y se notaba la presencia de anastomosis intercoronarias

Inner ventricular structures and valves of the heart in white rhinoceros (Ceratotheriumsimum)

In this study, we describe the internal structures of both ventricles and the valvular apparatus of the heart of the white rhino. In the right of the heart, three papillary muscles were found in septal and marginal walls and m. papillaris magnus was the biggest. There was only one m. papillaris parvus in the right ventricle. The right atrioventricular valve was tricuspid, and the parietal cusp was longest. In the left of the heart, two papillary muscles were found on the septal wall and the subauricular was the biggest. The left atrioventricular valve was bicuspid and the parietal cusp was longest. There were no nodules in the valves of the pulmonary trunk and aorta, and the semilunar valves had many fibrous folds and transparent parts. Within the cardiac skeleton there was a cartilago cordis which occupied a small part of the right fibrous trigone. While the right ventricle included only one septomarginal trabecula, there were many trabeculae in the left ventricle. In both ventricles, the endocardium was thin and the subendocardial network was visible, also their continuation with the septomarginal trabeculae. We also found many trabeculae carneae in the dorsal part of the ventricles.

Foramen Vertebral Lumbar Inconstante en Bos taurus

En Anatomia Veterinaria la investigacion de los foramenes de la columna vertebral es necesaria para expandir nuestro conocimiento de osteologia sistematica, y para el estudio de la vascularizacion de la columna vertebral y de la medula espinal. El objetivo de este trabajo es informar acerca de la presencia y caracteristicas de foramenes inconstantes hallados en las vertebras lumbares bovinas. Quince de 100 (15 %) vertebras lumbares presentaban foramenes. Todos los foramenes estaban localizados en el cuerpo de la vertebra lumbar sobre su cara lateral derecha. Cuatro de estas vertebras eran la lumbar 2 y tres de ellas la lumbar 5

Distribución de las Arterias Coronarias en el Rinoceronte Blanco (Ceratotherium simum)

Nosotros disecamos un corazon de rinoceronte blanco con el objetivo de dar una descripcion anatomica de la distribucion de sus arterias coronarias. Se registro la longitud y el calibre de las ramas principales. Las arterias coronarias tenian el mismo calibre en su origen y la arteria coronaria derecha emitia la rama interventricular subsinusal, el rinoceronte correspondia al patron de coronaria derecha. La arteria coronaria izquierda emitida en el seno izquierdo de la aorta se dividia en tres ramas (trifurcacion), la rama interventricular paraconal, la rama circunfleja y la rama diagonal.

Gross Anatomy of the Heart in the Western Grey Kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus)

El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar una descripcion de la anatomia macroscopica de corazon el canguro Macropus fuliginosus. Fueron empleados los terminos de la Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. El corazon no tuvo surco interventricular. Las auriculas se encontraban en ambas caras del corazon. El ventriculo derecho presento una trabecula septomarginal delgada que se extendia entre los musculos de la pared papilar y parietal. La pared parietal del ventriculo derecho presento un monton de trabeculas carnosas. La pared septal era lisa y tenia tres musculos papilares. Los musculos papilares del ventriculo izquierdo fueron dos y se encontraron en la pared parietal. Las paredes septal y parietal del ventriculo izquierdo estaban llenas de trabeculas carnosas que rodeaban los musculos papilares. Dos vasos procedentes desde la aorta, arterias del seno coronario derecho e izquierdo, y la arteria septal. La arteria septal dio irrigacion al septo interventricular y derivada desde el seno izquierdo de la aorta y su lumen tuvo un mayor diametro que la arteria coronaria izquierda. Las arterias coronarias presentaron un trayecto intramiocardico.