Martin Stepanek

The economic implications of later school start times in the United States

&NA; Numerous studies have shown that later school start times (SST) are associated with positive student outcomes, including improvements in academic performance, mental and physical health, and public safety. While the benefits of later SST are very well documented in the literature, in practice there is opposition against delaying SST. A major argument against later SST is the claim that delaying SST will result in significant additional costs for schools due to changes in bussing strategies. However, to date, there has only been one published study that has quantified the potential economic benefits of later SST in relation to potential costs. The current study investigates the economic implications of later school start times by examining a policy experiment and its subsequent state‐wide economic effects of a state‐wide universal shift in school start times to 8.30 AM. Using a novel macroeconomic modeling approach, the study estimates changes in the economic performance of 47 US states following a delayed school start time, which includes the benefits of higher academic performance of students and reduced car crash rates. The benefit–cost projections of this study suggest that delaying school start times is a cost‐effective, population‐level strategy, which could have a significant impact on public health and the US economy. From a policy perspective, these findings are crucial as they demonstrate that significant economic gains resulting from the delay in SST accrue over a relatively short period of time following the adoption of the policy shift.

The Cost of Non-Europe in the area of Organised Crime and Corruption: Annex II - Corruption

Corruption is a phenomenon with significant negative consequences for the EU and its Member States. This research paper uses a mix of methodologies to quantify the overall costs of corruption in the EU in economic, social and political terms. The findings, based on new analysis, suggest that corruption costs the EU between €179bn and €990bn in GDP terms on an annual basis. Current anti-corruption measures relevant to Member States and the EU as a whole are described and their effectiveness in reducing the levels of, and opportunities for, corruption are assessed. Eight potential areas for EU action are identified that might address the barriers to the effectiveness of current measures. The costs of non-Europe are calculated in relation to two of these, as well as in relation to the implementation of recently created EU laws. 1 Wouter van Ballegooij, Thomas Zandstra, Organised Crime and Corruption: Cost of Non-Europe Report, PE 558.779, European Added Value Unit, March 2016. Annex II: Corruption PE 579.319 3 AUTHORS This study has been written by Marco Hafner, Jirka Taylor, Emma Disley, Sonja Thebes, Matteo Barberi and Martin Stepanek at RAND Europe and by Professor Mike Levi at the request of the European Added Value Unit of the Directorate for Impact Assessment and European Added Value within the Directorate General for Parliamentary Research Services (DG EPRS) of the General Secretariat of the European Parliament. This report has been peer-reviewed in accordance with RAND’s quality assurance standards. RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATORS Wouter van Ballegooij and Thomas Zandstra, European Added Value Unit To contact the Unit, please email: EPRS-EuropeanAddedValue@ep.europa.eu LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. Manuscript completed in March 2016. Brussels

The impact of the National Minimum Wage on employment: A meta-analysis

This report includes the findings from a meta-analysis of the empirical UK national minimum wage literature. Similar to a previous UK minimum wage study by de Linde Leonard et al. (2014), this study finds no statistically significant aggregate adverse employment effect of the NMW and also no publication bias in the NMW literature. However, estimates for different sub-groups suggest some relative larger adverse employment effects for some labour market groups like part-time employees.

After Brexit: Alternate forms of Brexit and their implications for the United Kingdom, the European Union and the United States

RAND explored eight plausible post-Brexit trade scenarios involving the UK, EU and U.S. after Brexit. Game theory insights were also used to create a better understanding of how different factors might affect the outcome of Brexit negotiations. The UK was found to be economically worse-off outside of the EU under most scenarios, particularly leaving the EU with no trade deal. It is in the UKs best interests to achieve a trade deal post-Brexit.

The return of investment for preventive healthcare programmes: A calculation framework for GSK's Partnership for Prevention (P4P)

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