Mary Ann MacDougall

A Comparison of Analysis of Covariance to Within-Class Regression in the Analysis of Non-Equivalent Groups.

Comparing non-equivalent groups is a persistent problem in educational research methodology, especially teacher effectiveness research. Within-class regression is a method, developed in this paper, of comparing a large number of non-equivalent groups. Monte Carlo data were generated under several conditions and within-class regression. The results indicated that the within-class regression method was a less biased method of data analysis. Reading achievement data were also analyzed using both methods. The results indicated that the method of analysis makes a difference in analyzing treatment effects. It was concluded that, when a large number of non-equivalent groups are compared, within-class regression will yield more accurate estimates of treatment effects than analysis of covariance.

The Temporal Order of Depression and Anxiety

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses about the temporal order of depression and anxiety. Popular notion of good health is concerned more with physical efficiency than it is with mental state, and the primacy of the goal of physical well-being is in accord with the development of medical science and modern technology. The care of the sick has over time been chiefly directed toward the correction of physical malfunction or organic impairment. In this chapter, the psychological model is discussed which shows functional relationships among psychological components, mental disorders, and healthy and health damaging behaviors. It is theoretical, incorporating prominent features of established theories of depression and anxiety, but it does not purport to describe the specifics of any one position. It is intended to be of general application, independent of any one schools notion of genesis, symptomology, or treatment. The model supports the notion that cognition is essential in the genesis of depression and anxiety. It was empirically demonstrated that depression may well be a critical intervening variable between self-assessment and trait anxiety, the sequence being self-assessment, depression, trait anxiety.